TEST BANK FOR GENETICS ESSENTIALS CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS 4TH EDITION BY PIERCE

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Within cells, genes are located on structures called: a. genomes. b. chromosomes. c. phenotypes. d. genotypes. e. alleles. 2. What commonsense observation makes the theory of blending inheritance unlikely? a. An individual may inherit traits found in only one of his or her parents. b. Anatomical changes such as loss of a limb are not seen in the offspring of an individual. c. Evolution requires genetic change in populations. d. Some traits disappear in one generation and then reappear in the next generation. e. Offspring often look more like their parents than unrelated individuals. 3. The contribution Charles Darwin made to biology was to: a. demonstrate the connection between Mendel's principles of inheritance and evolution. b. propose that evolution occurs by natural selection. c. develop the theory of evolution, based on earlier theories of population genetics. d. connect the fields of evolution and molecular genetics. e. determine the first DNA sequence for a free-living organism. 4. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000 people. However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black Mesa in Arizona. In light of this example and others that you might be aware of, what can you conclude about particular alleles such as the allele for albinism? a. Any allele that leads to an abnormal phenotype will be rare in most populations but common in Native American populations. b. Alleles that produce abnormal phenotypes are never beneficial. c. An allele that leads to an abnormal phenotype may be beneficial in some environments but harmful in others. d. An allele that leads to an abnormal phenotype will rise in frequency after many generations. e. An allele that leads to an abnormal phenotype will soon disappear from a population. 5. Which of the following theories of inheritance is no longer accepted as TRUE? a. pangenesis b. blending inheritance c. inheritance of acquired characteristics d. preformationism e. None of the provided theories is currently considered true. 6. Which of the following are epigenetic changes? a. Gene mutations that can be passed on from parent to offspring b. Changes that convert a prokaryotic cell to an eukaryotic cell c. Changes in DNA base sequence that are inherited from only one of the two parents of an individual d. Changes to the RNA base sequence that cause it to not pass on genetic information to proteins e. Alterations to DNA and chromosome structure that do not involve the base sequence of the DNA 7. Choose the correct match between the scientists and the field of genetics to which they contributed. a. Watson and Crick—transmission genetics b. Mendel—molecular genetics c. Mullis—population genetics d. Darwin—molecular genetics e. Morgan—transmission genetics 8. The golden mutation in the zebrafish was useful because of which of the following results? a. It led to the discovery of a similar gene in humans that is involved in skin pigmentation. b. It led to the development of new varieties of wheat. c. It led to the ability to identify many of the genes that result in an increase in heart attacks. d. It allowed the zebrafish to be grown in captivity and become commercially profitable. e. It became the first gene in a model organism to be sequenced. 9. Which of the following pairs is a part of a single nucleotide? a. nitrogenous base and sugar b. sugar and amino acid c. guanine and cytosine, two nitrogenous bases d. amino acid and nitrogenous base 10. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Each subdiscipline of genetics is very specific as to what is explored and does not overlap with the other subdisciplines. b. All phenotypes or traits are always determined by multiple genes. c. Albinism arises from the overexpression of the gene that controls the synthesis and storage of melanin. d. Humans make excellent model organisms because they have a variety of well-defined traits. e. None of the statements provided are true. 11. Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY shows the flow of genetic information during gene expression? a. RNA DNA protein b. protein DNA RNA c. DNA RNA protein d. DNA protein DNA e. None of the answers is correct. 12. Identify a FALSE statement from the following descriptions of genetics. a. Humans first applied genetics to the domestication of plants and animals between approximately 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. b. Some viruses use RNA to carry their genetic information. c. Albinism results from a mutation in the genes that control the synthesis and storage of melanin. d. All human traits that display blending inheritance are affected by a single gene. e. The process by which genetic information is copied and decoded is similar for all forms of life. 13. A measurable or observable trait or characteristic is called a: a. phenotype. b. genotype. c. single-nucleotide polymorphism. d. small interfering RNA. e. gene bank. 14. How do DNA and RNA differ? a. DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine while RNA contains the base uracil instead of thymine. b. DNA contains the nitrogenous base guanine while RNA contains the base cytosine instead of guanine. c. DNA is composed of repeating units called nucleotides while RNA is composed of repeating units called amino acids. d. DNA is composed of repeating units called amino acids while RNA is composed of repeating units called nucleotides. e. In DNA the nucleotides contain a sugar, a base, and a phosphate while in RNA the nucleotides contain no sugar. 15. Which of the following scientists contributed significantly to the foundations of transmission genetics? a. James Watson b. Thomas Hunt Morgan c. August Weismann d. Charles Darwin e. Theodor Schwann 16. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. All genomes are encoded in DNA only. b. All genomes are encoded in nucleic acids. c. All genomes are encoded in proteins only. d. The genetic instructions are decoded completely differently in each organism. e. Molecular studies suggest life evolved from multiple primordial ancestors. 17. _____ is genetic change in a population over time. a. Blending inheritance b. Preformation c. Genome d. Evolution e. Phenotype 18. In humans, single nucleotide differences among individuals, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been used to show: a. how a mutation in a gene can lead to a particular trait. b. how gene therapy can be used to treat various disorders. c. the correlation of a set of genetic differences with a particular medical condition. d. that the concept of the inheritance of acquired characteristics is not correct. e. that genetic information can be transferred from DNA to RNA. 19. Identify a TRUE statement from the following descriptions concerning genetics. a. The theory of pangenesis states that all living organisms are composed of cells. b. Bacteria and viruses are not useful in studying genes and inheritance because they are structurally and metabolically different from eukaryotic cells. c. Charles Darwin accurately described the laws of inheritance in his landmark book, On the Origin of Species. d. Many human traits, such as skin and hair color, are determined by more than a single gene. e. Evolution can occur without genetic changes in the population. 20. Among the model genetic organisms, Escherichia coli, a single-celled bacterium, is a prokaryote; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one-celled yeast, is a eukaryote, as are Caenorhabditis elegans, a multicellular nematode worm, and Arabidopisis thaliana, a multicellular plant. Which of these organisms would NOT contain membrane-bound organelles? a. Escherichia coli b. Saccharomyces cerevisiae c. Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae d. Caenorhabditis elegans e. Caenorhabditis elegans and Arabidopisis thaliana 21. The complete genetic makeup of any organism is referred to as a: a. phylogeny. b. phenotype. c. genome. d. genotype. e. single-nucleotide polymorphism. 22. Which of the following theories of inheritance is currently considered TRUE? a. germ-plasm theory b. pangenesis c. blending inheritance d. inheritance of acquired characteristics e. None of these theories is considered true based on new evidence. 23. Which of the following would serve the LEAST well as a model for understanding basic mechanisms of inheritance? a. fruit flies b. humans c. yeast d. mice e. zebrafish 24. Genetic information can be carried in which of the following biomolecules? a. proteins b. DNA but not RNA c. RNA but not DNA d. either DNA or RNA e. proteins but not RNA 25. In the late 1990s what important discovery in genetics was made? a. The three-dimensional structure of DNA was described, which showed how DNA might be replicated. b. The first recombinant DNA experiments were performed that started the biotechnology field. c. DNA sequencing methods were first discovered. d. Genes were found to be located on chromosomes. e. Tiny RNAs were discovered that play important roles in the regulation of gene expression. 26. Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the cell theory? a. Genetic information from different parts of the body travels to the reproductive organs. b. The cell is the compositional and functional unit of all life. c. Inside the germ cells, there exists a fully formed miniature adult that enlarges in the course of development. d. The genetic material itself blends, which cannot be separated out in future generations. e. Traits acquired in a person's lifetime become incorporated into the person's hereditary information, which will be passed onto his or her offspring. 27. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics? a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles b. mechanism of DNA replication c. gene expression patterns d. evolution e. chemical modification of nucleic acids