Test Bank for Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 10th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb ISBN-13 9780321720412

Test Bank for Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology 10th Edition by Elaine N. Marieb Anatomical position is defined as standing erect, feet parallel to the arms, palms facing forward. Anatomical position is used because it is a standard position; it also helps us to avoid confusion. Additionally, anatomical position is a reference point that helps us accurately describe body parts and position.ȱȱ 119)ȱȱHomeostasis is the bodyȇs attempt to maintain balance during which time internal conditions may vary. Metabolism is all chemical reactions that occur in the body.ȱȱ 120)ȱȱ1.ȱȱMaintenance of boundariesNkeeps the internal environment distinct from the external environment;ȱȱmembranes perform this function at the cellular level and skin performs this function for the organism. 2.ȱȱMovementNincludes a change in the position of the body or the propelling of a substance (such as blood, urine, or food) through the body organs;ȱȱconstitutes a major role of the muscular system. 3.ȱȱResponsiveness (irritability)Nthe ability to react to stimuli; constitutes a major role of the nervous system. 4.ȱȱMetabolismNincludes all the chemical reactions that occur within the bodyȇs cells. 5.ȱȱExcretionNelimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys. 6.ȱȱDigestionNthe process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the bodyȇs cells. 7.ȱȱGrowthNan increase in size, which is usually accompanied by an increase in the number of cells. 8.ȱȱReproductionNthe production of new cells for growth and repair, and also the production of offspring.ȱȱ 121)ȱȱ1.ȱȱStimulus or input is the itch. 2.ȱȱA receptor carries the information about the stimulus (itch) to the brain via an afferent pathway. 3.ȱȱControl center (brain) analyzes this information an turns on an effector which will cancel the stimulus. 4.ȱȱInformation reaches the effector via the efferent pathway from the brain. Muscles move the hand to scratch the itch. 5.ȱȱScratching continues until the itch goes away. The brain shuts off the effector once homeostatis is restored.ȱȱ 122)ȱȱThe effector is the control centerȇs output and response to the stimulus. The effectorȇs job is to cancel or shut off the control mechanism.ȱȱ 123)ȱȱ1.ȱȱchemical level:ȱȱ a.ȱȱatoms are the basic building blocks of matter b.ȱȱmolecules are units formed by atoms combining 2.ȱȱcellular level: cells are the smallest living unit in living organisms 3.ȱȱtissue level: tissues are groupings of cells performing a common function 4.ȱȱorgan level: an organ is a structure consisting of two or more tissue types 5.ȱȱorgan system level: an organ system describes a group of organs functioning ȱ ȱ cooperatively for a common purposeȱ ȱ 6.ȱȱorganism level: a human organism consists of all of the organ systems of theȱȱ