Portage Learning, A&P 1 Module 1 Exam Questions And Answers

1. What is Anatomy and Physiology?: Anatomy and physiology are studies of how the human body works. Anatomy focuses on the structure of the body and how it is designed, and physiology looks at how the body functions 2. If you're studying the body at the chemical level, what is the smallest building block?: Atoms 3. What is the order of organization from Atoms to Organism?: Atom Molecule macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism 4. What is tissue and what are the 4 basic types?: Tissues are groups of cells that perform a common function. The four basic tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions 5. What is the role of epithelial tissue?: covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption The structure of epithelial tissue contains closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). Epithelial tissue can be found as one layer or in many layers. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away. 6. What is the role of muscle tissue?: Muscle tissue enables us to move (Figure 1.3). The cells that make up muscle tissue are specialized for muscle contraction. 7. What is the role of connective tissue?: Connective tissue (Figure 1.4) offers support and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments. Connective tissue cells are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role. 8. What is the role of nervous system tissue?: Nervous tissue (Figure 1.5) is responsible for the communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly. Nerves are like the "wiring" of the body. 9. What are the three layers of the integumentary system?: Epi-Dermis (sur- face) Dermis- Contains pressure sensors, sweat glands, hair follicles Hypodermis- Mostly fat for insulation and protection 10. What is the role of the skeletal system?: Serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs. The skeletal system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals. The skeletal system provides the framework for which the muscles attach. 11. What are the three types of muscle fibers?: Skeletal muscle fibers Cardiac muscle fibers Smooth muscle fibers 12. What is the role of the digestive system?: Breaks down food into small molecules. Those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients 13. What are the 4 layers that make up the small intestine?: Serosa mucosa sub-mucosa Muscularis 14. What is the function of the endocrine system?: Made up of glands (Figure 1.11) that make hormones, which regulate the reproductive system and the me- tabolism of the body. 15. What are the primary endocrine glands?: Primary endocrine organs: thyroid gland, adrenal glands (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland all inside the brain) 16. What is metabolism?: is all the chemical reactions that take place in the body that enable us to function 17. What is anabolism?: is the synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones 18. What is catabolism?: is the breakdown of substances into their simpler build- ing blocks 19. What is the order of ATP creation and how many get made from one molecule of glucose?: The Creation of ATP: Step 1: glycolysis, Step 2: citric acid cycle, Step 3: electron transport system. In total, this process can create up to 38 ATP from one glucose molecule to fuel cellular processes 20. What is the role of the lymphatic system?: Responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. The lymphatic system is also a part of the circulatory system. It has a complex network of vessels and nodes that allow for the excess fluid to drain back to the heart. 21. What is the role of the cardiovascular system?: Made up of blood vessels that move blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. 22. What are the major organs and vessels of the lymphatic system?: Thymus Spleen Lymph vessel Lymph nodes 23. What is the function of the respiratory system?: Involved in excretion of the waste CO2, which is a byproduct of metabolism. The respiratory system also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen. 24. What is the role of the urinary system?: Involved in excretion of waste from the body. The urinary system also intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood. The cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system help to move nutrients and waste through the body. The actual ability to remove waste from the body is known as excretion and is carried out by the digestive, urinary, and respiratory systems. 25. What is the functional unit of the kidney?: Nephron 26. What are the 11 body systems?: 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Digestive System 6. Endocrine System 7. Cardiovascular System 8. Lymphatic System 9. Respiratory System 10. Urinary System 11. Male and Female Reproductive Systems 27. Superior (cranial): - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body (above) 28. Inferior (caudal): - away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body (below) 29. Ventral (anterior): - toward or at the front of the body (in front of) 30. Dorsal (posterior): - toward or at the back of the body (behind) 31. Medial: toward or at the midline of the body (on the inner side of) 32. Lateral: - away from the midline or the body (on the outer side of) 33. Intermediate: - between a more medial and a more lateral structure 34. Proximal: - closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk