AP US Government and Politics Common Examined Terms

AP US Government and Politics Common Examined Terms 78. monopoly: domination of an industry by a single company by fixing prices and discouraging competition; also the company that dominates the industry by these means 79. antitrust legislation: federal laws that try to prevent a monopoly from dominat- ing an industry and restraining trade (examples: Sherman Act of 1890) 80. Second Bill of Rights: Franklin D Roosevelt's State of the Union Address in 1944: 1 the right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries, shops, farms, or mines of the nation; the right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation; the right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return that would give him and his family a decent living; the right of every business man, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad; the right of every family to a decent home; the right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health; the right to adequate protection form the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment; the right to a good edu 81. political ideology: a consistent pattern of belief about political values and the role of government 82. liberalism: a belief in the positive uses of government to bring about justice and equality of opportunity 83. conservatism: a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive mar- kets, and personal opportunity 84.socialism: an economic and governmental system based on public ownership of the means of production and exchange 85. environmentalism: an ideology that is dominated by concern for the environ- ment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, and feminism 86. libertarianism: an ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on a sharply limited government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in the moral and social spheres 87. ethnocentrisim: belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group 88. political socialization: the process by which we develop our political attitudes, values, and beliefs 89. demographics: the study of the characteristics of populations 90. political predisposition: a characteristic of individuals that is predictive of political behavior 91. reinforcing cleavages: divisions within society that reinforce one another, mak- ing groups more homogeneous or similar 92. cross-cutting cleavages: divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or differen