Test Bank for Business and Society, Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management, 9th Edition, Archie B. Carroll, Ann K. Buchholtz

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Business and Society, Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management, 9th Edition Test Bank (PDF)

50. The macro level of business power resides in

a. the Federal goverrnnent.

b. the overall corporate system.

c. corporate CEOs.

d. particular industries.

ANSWER: b

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

51. The intermediate level of business power is found in

a. corporate headquarters.

b. the boards of individual corporations.

c. groups of corporations acting in concert.

d. medium-sized corporations.

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

52. business power wielded by an individual finn is known as macro level power.

intermediate level power. micro level power. individual level power.

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

53. CEOs such as Virginia Rometty ofiBM or Tim Cook of Apple hold which level of power? a. macro

b. micro

c. individual

d. intermediate

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE

54. Which of the following is not a sphere of power indicated in the text? a. economic

b. technological

c. political

d. intermediate

ANSWER: d

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

55. set of two-way understandings that characterize the relationships between major social institutions is called the implied contract.

unilateral binding accord. social contract. procedural justice agreement.

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE

56. Which oftbe following is not an element oftbe social contract? a. laws

b. employment contracts

c. regulations

d. shared understandings

ANSWER: b

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE

57. Stakeholders include all of the following groups except

a. owners.

b. employees.

c. customers.

d. all of these are stakeholder groups.

ANSWER: d

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE

58. An internal stakeholder is a person or group who

a. exist outside the boundaries of the finn.

b. is located in the same country in which the firm in located.

c. is defmed as an "insider" in laws regulating fmancial markets.

d. is "inside" the company, such as employees and owners.

ANSWER: d

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

59. The government, consumers, and members of the community are examples of a. stockholders.

b. the technological envirornnent.

c. external stakeholders.

d. primary stakeholders.

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE

60. "In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it" is the description of

a. The Iron Law of Oligarchy.

b. The Iron Cage of Rationality.

c. The Iron Law of Responsibility.

d. The Peter Principle.

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.04- 01.04

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- DISC: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

61. The examination of business and its relationship to society typically focuses on

a. big business and highly visible industries.

b. all business and all industries.

c. small business and highly visible industries.

d. none of these.

ANSWER: a

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

United States - Georgia -DISC: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

62. The most important stakeholders of a business are typically its

a. employees.

b. government.

c. consumers.

d. owners.

ANSWER: c

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

63. When a business affects the life of a member of the surrounding community without meaning to, the company has wielded

a. coerc1ve power.

b. deliberate power.

c. hidden power.

d. unintentional power.

ANSWER: d

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.04- 01.04

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

64. Sustainability, at a simple level, is about business's:

a. ability to survive and thrive over the long term

b. approach to only the natural environment

c. preservation of the environment in the present generation

d. ability to meet the needs of the present while compromising future generations

ANSWER: a

POINTS: 1

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Ethics

STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- DISC: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.

65. The authors of the textbook say that, at a general level, they will be discussing the role of business in society. What do they mean by "the role of business in society?"

ANSWER: The role of business in society refers to the purpose(s) that business has as an integral

part of the overall society. The concept of "role" encompasses both the function(s) that

business has, such as the production and distribution of goods and service, and the emphasis or power that business has relative to other parts of society, such as government or religion.

POINTS: 1

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Environmental Influence- Environmental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

66. Why does discussion of the institution of business tend to focus on big business?

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: When we think of business, we tend to think of the highly visible products and services that are made available by large corporations. They advertise more than do local companies, so people all over the country (or world) are familiar with Coca-Cola, while relatively few have heard of the hair styling salon where you get your hair cut. In addition, people tend to equate size with power, and we pay closer attention to the powerful than we do to those without power (just think of the attention a student pays to the professor or dean, compared to the lack of attention given to a janitor or

groundskeeper).

EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Environmental Influence- Environmental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

67. Describe the virtues of a pluralistic society.

ANSWER: Figure 1-1 lists five virtues of a pluralistic society. These include I) prevention of concentrations of power, 2) maximization of freedom of expression and action, while

striking a balance between monism and anarchy, 3) allegiance of individuals to groups is dispersed, 4) creation of widely diversified set ofloyalties to many organizations, and 5) provides a built-in set of checks and balances.

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.02- 01.02

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE

68. Explain the role that television plays in creating a climate critical of business.

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: Television is, by far, the most pervasive medium through which information is conveyed in our society. Thus, the content of television programming outweighs information provided by all other media. Specifically, television has spotlighted business failings on news programs, it depicts business and executives in a predominantly negative light on prime-time programs, and commercials (purchased by business) tend to exaggerate the benefits of the featured products and services.

MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.04- 01.04

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

69. The authors discuss the rights movement as a contributing factor in the climate that is critical of business. What are

"rights?"

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: Rights are the entitlement to certain life chances and freedom from certain limitations that are accorded to persons simply because they have been born and are alive. Rights are not earned by the individual, nor are they given by other parties. There is an ongoing debate about what rights people have (e.g., is access to adequate health care a right or a privilege that one must pay for?), and some rights are more widely recoguized than others. For example, the right to freedom of speech is recognized by the government, but the same right may not be recoguized in Russia or Iran.

MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

70. The authors state, "the philosophy of victimization is intimately related to and sometimes inseparable from the rights movement and the entitlement mentality." Explain how these three concepts are related.

ANSWER: The rights movement generally seeks to identify and obtain more and more rights for people (or at least a particular group of people). As the general level of affluence and education has risen, people in general have felt entitled to be more free and gain more opportunities. When there is a shortfall between the rights that people expect and what they have, they may feel victimized by others. Key to this process is the general expectation that a person is entitled to more simply because he/she exists, not because he/she has earned it.

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Environmental Influence- Environmental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

71. Explain what is meant by spheres of power.

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: The concept of spheres of power recognizes that a person or organization may have different levels of influence in different areas of society. For example, the Pope is widely recognized to have authority and power relative to matters of organized religion. However, his power in the technological environment is largely non-existent. Similarly, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is extremely powerful in the field of intercollegiate athletics, but is not a factor in the ecological concerns.

MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Environmental Influence- Environmental Influence KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

72. Explain the rationale that is the foundation of The Iron Law of Responsibility.

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: The Iron Law of Responsibility states, "In the long run, those who do not use power in a manner which society considers responsible will tend to lose it." This concept is

based on the idea of legitimacy, or the proper use of power. If society does not see the use of power as legitimate, the party holding the power will eventually lose that power. An excellent example is the history of Nazi Germany. Nazis rose to power in Germany, but as German society (as well as other countries) saw the abuses of power wielded by Hitler, their legitimacy waned. World War II is ample evidence of the lengths that parties will go to wrest power from those who abuse it. Numerous assassination plots against Hitler also show the internal opposition he engendered.

MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.04- 01.04

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Ethics

STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- DISC: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

73. Describe what the authors mean by the managerial approach taken in the textbook.

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: Business managers are judged ahnost exclusively on their ability to accomplish the goals of the organization. For this reason, managers excel at the practical--they are accustomed to dealing with situations in rational and systematic ways. This approach carries over into ethical and social matters as well. In addition, managers must focus on both short-term and long-term implications of their decisions and actions. The textbook will likewise approach issues of business and society from this perspective.

EASY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.06- 01.06

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

74. What is the difference between internal and external stakeholders?

ANSWER: The primary difference between internal and external stakeholders is their relationship to the frrm. Internal stakeholders are considered to be "insiders"--that is, they have a direct impact on the decisions and operations of the firm. Owners and employees are the most widely recognized internal stakeholders. External stakeholders are those parties "outside" the frrm--those who may be able to influence the decisions and actions taken inside the organization, but cannot directly implement them. The goverrnnent, consumers, and community members are primary external stakeholders. For those familiar with the concept of line and staff functions within an organization, internal stakeholders can be thought of as analogous to the line, and external stakeholders as

similar to staff functions.

POINTS: I

DIFFICULTY: MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: E1HC.CARR.l5.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to support it.

75. The key elements of a pluralistic society are decentralization and diversity of power. Using what you know about American society, do you consider it to be a pluralistic society? Why or why not?

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: Whether students say American society is pluralistic, not pluralistic, or somewhere in between, is oflittle consequence. The important part of the answer will be in the defense of the position taken. Students who say it is pluralistic should be emphasizing the dispersion of power among various social institutions (e.g., religion, business, education, govermnent, etc.) and specific interest groups such as the National Rifle Association or Common Cause. Students who say American society is not pluralistic should recognize significant concentrations of power among certain groups like the oil industry, the military-industrial complex, or Microsoft. A more sophisticated answer will

recognize that there are arguments to be made on both sides of the question, and will

cite examples of both in support of their stance.

MODERATE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.01.02- 01.02

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Enviromnental Influence- Enviromnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

76. If "rights" are the entitlement to certain life chances and freedom from certain limitations that are accorded to persons simply because they have been born and are alive, what else does the existence of rights imply?

ANSWER:

POINTS:

DIFFICULTY: Most students will have difficulty answering this question, primarily because society's dominant paradigm focuses solely on rights. But with a little encouragement and direction, students will realize that for every right they possess, a duty or obligation is imposed on everyone else. Thus, if Mary has the right of free speech, Joe (and everyone else) necessarily has the duty not to impinge on Mary's right. A right to life creates a duty not to cause cessation of life. Rights create obligations. The problem comes when one's duty (alternatively, another's rights) interferes with one's rights.

CHALLENGING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.01.01- 01.01

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Enviromnental Influence- Enviromnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

77. The textbook says that when power gets out of balance, other forces are brought to bear so that balance is restored. Name some of the other forces that are used to balance business power. Describe how effective each of those other forces is in combating business power.

ANSWER: John Kenneth Galbraith, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century, termed these other forces countervailing powers. Some of these include the power of unions, government regulation, religious tenets, and societal pressures. Students should describe, with some detail, how the countervailing powers could mitigate business power. However, they should also recognize that business power is, by far, the single strongest current in society today. Unions have been effectively neutralized, business heavily influences goverrnnent regulation, and religion has suffered a siguificant decline in its influence.

POINTS: 1

DIFFICULTY: CHALLENGING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.01.02- 01.02

NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Analytic

STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence

KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION

78. Choose a particular corporation and describe the power it wields in different spheres.

ANSWER: Obviously, each student may pick a different corporation, so generalizing here is impossible. However, as an example, Microsoft has ahnost complete power in its portion of the technological sphere. With well over 90 percent of the operating system market, Microsoft virtually controls this aspect of computer technology. It also exerts siguificant political power through carnpaigu contributions and lobbying efforts. The favorable resolution of the anti-trust case against Microsoft after the Bush administration took office is an obvious example of this power. Another major sphere in

which Microsoft exerts power (more specifically the Bill and Melinda Gates

Foundation) is the health arena. This foundation donates siguificant amounts of money to research and treatment initiatives.

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