Portage A&P Exam 1 (Answered)

1. Anatomy: focuses on the structure of the body and how it is designed 2. Physiology: looks at how the body functions. The physiology of the body de- pends on the anatomy of the body. The physiology of how the organs function depends on the structure of the bones, which are hard structures made of mineral deposits that protect the organs from damage 3. Levels of organization: atom molecule, macromolecule, organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism AMMO C TOOO 4. Chemical level -> organism: atoms (chemical level) which are the smallest building blocks of matter combine to form molecules, which then combine to form macromolecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids). Macromolecules combine to form organelles (working structures) inside of each human cell. Examples of organelles are the nucleus and mitochondria of the cell. The cells are the smallest units of living organisms and comprise the cellular level of structural organization. There are many different types of cells in the body that perform various functions; together, they form the tissue level. Tissues are groups of cells that perform a common function. Together the tissues make up the organ . Organs work together to form organ systems. Organ systems make up the organism AMMO C TOOO 5. Tissues: groups of cells that perform a common function. 6. 4 basic tissue types in the human body: epithelial, muscular, connective, nervous 7. epithelial tissue: covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. The cells that make up tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. The structure of tissue contains closely packed cells with very little matrix (layer outside the cells). tissue can be found as one layer or in many layers. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away. 8. muscle tissue: tissue enables us to move The cells that make up tissue are specialized for muscle contraction. 9. connective tissue: Tissue offers support, give strucure and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments tissue cells are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role. 10. nervous tissue: tissue responsible for the communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly. Nerves are like the "wiring" of the body. 11. integumentary system: The skin Skin is made up of the: epidermis (outer top layer), dermis (middle layer), and the hypodermis (inner, also called subcutaneous tissue layer). The hypodermis is a layer made mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells. Adipocytes (fat cells) help to insulate and regulate body temperature. Skin forms the external body covering and protects the deeper tissues from injury. The integumentary system produces vitamin D and contains the pain receptors and pressure receptors used in our protection. Our skin plays an important role in protecting our internal organs from extreme temperature changes. Sweat glands and oil glands can also be found here. If the integumentary system is damaged and microbes or chemicals make their way into the body, it is the lymphatic system that is responsible for mounting the attack to defend our internal environment. Integumentary system includes : Skin Hair, oil glands sensory glands 12. Epidermis: Outer layer of skin 13. Dermis: middle layer of skin 14. Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer): Inner layer of skin is a layer made mostly of fat that helps anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells. Adipocytes (fat cells) help to insulate and regulate body temperature. Skin forms the external body covering and protects the deeper tissues from injury. 15. Skeletal System: Serves as the framework for the muscular system and supports the body organs. The system also provides protection for internal organs and houses blood cells as well as stores minerals. The system provides the framework for which the muscles attach. holds the body up against gravity 16. Muscular System: Allows for movement of the body.