NURS 611 Patho Maryville Common Exam Questions and Answers

NURS 611 Patho - Maryville Common Exam Questions and Answers 1. What is Apoptosis?: A programmed cell death 2. What is necrosis?: Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. 3. Characteristics of tissue necrosis: 1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure 2) Organelle swelling 3) Mitochondrial dysfunction 4. Hypoxia: What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (espe- cially the kidney and heart) 5. What is hypertrophy?: Is an increase in the size of cells 6. Physiologic hypertrophy: Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training 7. Pathologic hypertrophy: Occurs secondary to HTN 8. What is Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells 9. Pathological hyperplasia: Endometrial hyperplasia 10. Compensatory hyperplasia: Removal of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks 11. What is Metaplasia: Replacement of cells 12. Example of Metaplasia: Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bro- hchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells 13. During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells?- : Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. 14. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?: These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and chronic heart failure. 15. What are free radicals?: Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. 16. How are free radicals formed?: Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. 17. Free radical species: Are capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. 18. What are the Lysosomes?: Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, includ- ing the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA and RNA 19. What are peroxisomes?: membrane-bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the conversion of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and oxygen 20. How does the body metabolize Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol. 21. Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?: DNA