Cardiovascular Diseases- Practice Questions with Answers Harrison’s Internal Medicine 21st Edition

General Cardiovascular Diseases 1. Which of the following is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease? ○ A) Low HDL cholesterol ○ B) Regular physical activity ○ C) High blood pressure ○ D) Adequate sleep Answer: C) High blood pressure 2. Which biomarker is commonly elevated in acute myocardial infarction? ○ A) Troponin ○ B) C-reactive protein ○ C) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) ○ D) D-dimer Answer: A) Troponin 3. What is the primary mechanism by which statins lower LDL cholesterol levels? ○ A) Increasing bile acid synthesis ○ B) Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase ○ C) Enhancing cholesterol absorption ○ D) Decreasing VLDL production Answer: B) Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase 4. Which of the following conditions is a common cause of secondary hypertension? ○ A) Hyperlipidemia ○ B) Obstructive sleep apnea ○ C) Osteoporosis ○ D) Hypothyroidism Answer: B) Obstructive sleep apnea 5. Which imaging modality is most useful for assessing left ventricular ejection fraction? ○ A) Computed tomography (CT) ○ B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ○ C) Echocardiography ○ D) Chest X-ray xt_ notes Answer: C) Echocardiography 6. What is the first-line treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS)? ○ A) Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) ○ B) Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) ○ C) Thrombolysis and antiplatelet therapy ○ D) Lifestyle modification Answer: C) Thrombolysis and antiplatelet therapy 7. Which drug class is primarily used to reduce mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)? ○ A) Diuretics ○ B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ○ C) Beta-blockers ○ D) Calcium channel blockers Answer: B) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 8. What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure? ○ A) Aortic stenosis ○ B) Mitral regurgitation ○ C) Left-sided heart failure ○ D) Hypertension Answer: C) Left-sided heart failure 9. In which condition is a "boot-shaped" heart silhouette commonly seen on X-ray? ○ A) Aortic regurgitation ○ B) Tetralogy of Fallot ○ C) Mitral stenosis ○ D) Pulmonary hypertension Answer: B) Tetralogy of Fallot 10. Which medication class is used to manage ventricular tachycardia? ○ A) Anticoagulants ○ B) Antiarrhythmics ○ C) Statins ○ D) Diuretics Answer: B) Antiarrhythmics Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 11. Which symptom is typically associated with stable angina?