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Lemone Unit 1 - Dimensions of Medical Surgical Nursing

Lemone Unit 1 - Dimensions of Medical Surgical Nursing

Lemone Unit 1 - Dimensions of Medical Surgical Nursing

Last updated 11 September 2022

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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
health care reform law passed in 2010 that includes incentives and penalties for employers providing health insurance as a benefit
 
Download: Complete Test Bank For LeMone And Burkes Medical Surgical Nursing 7th Edition By Bauldoff
 
What is Medical Surgical Nursing?
Healthcare promotion
Chronic Disease Care Management
Overall Care of Patients

Patient Population: Adult to Older Adult
 
What is required of the nurse in Med-Surg?
Good and accurate knowledge about body systems that play a part in chronic disease of patients

Incorporate AP, Micro, sciences into the way we understand and treat our patients disorders

communication skills - how we communicate with our patients (and their families), direct line of care. Talking clearly with instructors, communicating with primary nurse, LNA's, UAP's, NP's, DR's and other providers and specialities involved in patients care. (i.e. discharge plans)

Clinical reasoning skills

Awareness of patients situation - what is the patients current situation and anticipating what is to come next and preparing for that next scenario

Ability to prioritize - who do you see first? who is your priority? critical things to highlight and the problem that sticks out is what should be getting your attention
 
Core Competities for Safe and Effective Healthcare
Aging Population - Betters meds, Better TX's and procedures to keep people alive longer.

Making sure we know how to care for them and knowledge about the aging process (i.e. can they function and live independently or not)

Chronic Illnesses - insurance coverage and what people/how people are able to seek healthcare due to the disease they have.

Changing customer desires/expectations- people know what they want and the kind of care they are expecting to get. What is expected for the patient to be taught and what is happening with them.

Rapidly expanding technology - how medical tech field is expanding and improving the healthcare of people and reducing healthcare costs.

Triple Aim - Reducing the cost of healthcare and being cognizant of the items/procedures provided to patients (Improve patient care experience, improve health of populations and reduce per capita costs of healthcare)

QSEN - Quality and Safety Education for Nurses
 
QSEN (Quality and Safety Education for Nurses)
Patient-Centered Care - RN recognizes the patient is the source of control in the nurse-patient relationship and provides compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for the patients preferences, values, culture and needs.

Teamwork and Collaboration - RN functions within nursing teams and inter-professional teams with open communication and mutual respect in sharing decision making to achieve quality patient care.

Evidence-Based Practice - (EBP) - RN integrates current best evidence with clinical expertise to deliver optimal healthcare that is based on patient and family preferences.

Quality Improvement - RN uses data to monitor the outcomes of care and continuously designs and tests new changes to improve quality and safety of healthcare system effectiveness.

Safety - RN minimizes risk of harm to patients, providers, and inter-professional team through individual performance and by optimizing system effectiveness.

Informatics - RN uses information and technology to improve communication, manage knowledge, mitigate errors, and support decision making to achieve quality patient care.
 
Clinical Reasoning and Judgement in the Nursing Process
What is going on with my patient?

Formulating thoughts about their care.

How do you gather information? How do you research information? Where are you finding the pertinent information?

Critical thinking, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, dialectic reasoning, reflective thinking, systematic thinking, creative thinking.
 
The outcome of clinical reasoning
Conclusion of a patients needs, concerns, and problems
 
Clinical reasoning
Complex process using cognition and discipline specific knowledge to gather and analyze patient information, evaluate its significance and weigh alternative actions.
 
Nursing Process
five-step systematic method for giving patient care; involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating.

Helps you prioritize your day and structure your day as well as patient care plan.
 
Nursing Process: Assessment
Gives you the patients baseline should the patients status change and is ongoing.
Collect and Validate Data
Focused assessment (after baseline assessment)
 
Nursing Process: Diagnosis
The purpose of the diagnosing step is:

Identify how an individual, group, or community responds to actual or potential health and life processes.

Identify factors that contribute to, or cause, health problems (etiologies).

Identify resources or strengths on which the individual, group, or community can draw to prevent or resolve problems.

Potential or Risk Diagnosis (Potential for... Risk for ... )
Patients actual diagnosis (not medical terms)
 
Nursing Process: Planning
Making a plan for your patient and making interventions using EBP guidelines

Establish priorities based on meeting identified patient care goals

Develop outcomes and set time frames for meeting proposed outcomes

Identify relevant interventions and utilize
interdisciplinary health care team members in the care planning process for the patient
 
 
Nursing Process: Implementation
Implementing your patients care plan. Following through.

This is the action phase.

Document plan of care (what have you done/what are you doing)

Ongoing assessment.

Change care plan, if necessary.

Carrying out interventions and supervising assistive personnel.
 
Nursing Process: Evaluation
Is your plan working? If not, make changes to the plan and reassess and if so, keep going.

Compare the outcome to the goals established earlier.
 
What are the two Codes of Ethics for Nurses
ICN - International Council of Nurses Specific to accountability for the nurse in terms of other people

ANA - American Nurses Association - sets the expectation for the behavior of nurses, ethical dilemmas, guidelines for helping find solutions for these issues.

Thinking about moral and ethical behaviors as a nurse.

What is right and what is wrong.
 
Standards of Nursing Practice
Health information privacy - HIPAA, Federal law, ethical code.
 
what are professional boundaries?
Borders between vulnerability of the patient and the power of the nurse.

Act in the best interests of the patient.

Do not become involved in the patient's personal relationships.

Avoid the use of position for personal gain.

RN's responsibility to establish and maintain boundaries.
 
What is HIPAA?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act - protects patients information.
 
What is a dilemma?
choice between two unpleasant and ethically troubling alternatives.
 
AMA
against medical advice - medical refusal.
 
Confidentiality
information that an individual has disclosed in a relationship of trust with the healthcare providers with the expectations that data will not be shared with unauthorized entities
 
Patient Rights
entitlement to determine for herself/himself the extent of care and treatment -

Nurses responsibility to make sure the patient is making a decision based on patient education and NOT making the decision for them. The patient and their family ultimately make the decision based on the information you give them.
 
 
Issues of dying and death
know your patients code status -

This could be an area of dilemma, where the family goes against the patients wishes.
 
Role of the Nurse
Caregiver - Holisitc approach
Communicator, Teacher/Educator - health literacy, teaching-learning process, growing emphasis on health promotion
Counselor
Leader
Researcher
Advocate
 
Factors affecting health
Genetic Inheritance - temperament, personality, body structure, intellect

Cognitive Abilities and Educational Level -
CA - older population, developmental delays, childhood trauma, stroke) - Mentally can function in society without much trouble but may have issues with cognitive functions such as seeing.
ED- determines how and when they are able to seek healthcare and how they can manage their health.

Race, Ethnicity, Culture - which diseases are most prominent in certain races and ethnicities, culture aspects that may interfere with healthcare decisions or lifestyle choices,

Age, Gender, Developmental -

Lifestyle and Environment - adult hood to old age, pattern in lifestyle changes, eating habits, drug and alcohol abuse, sleep patterns.

Socioeconomic Status - higher risk due to lack of medical care in their community of job benefits, lower level of ed and do not have access to full time positions that provide adequate healthcare vs someone with means to good healthcare coverage.

Geographic area - seek and access healthcare (urban vs rural), homelessness? city? accessibility to healthcare facility or services.

Family - anyone who the patient says is their family. Could be souse, friend, close fiends, parents, etc.
 
Age, Gender, Developmental -18-40
18-40 (18-25 is prime time) - living with minimal conditions or ailments, problems are injury related (acute and heals rapidly),
Preventative Care - looking towards the future in taking care of themselves in terms of overall health, sexual practices (sex ed, condoms, sex partners, BC, STDs), substance abuse (drug experimentation, addiction),
Physical and psycho-social stressors - marriage, staring a family, vaccinations (boosters, flu shot, gardisil shot, to help maintain overall health).
 
Age, Gender, Developmental - Middle Adult (40-65)
Middle adult (40-65) - starts with physical ailments (aches, pains, weight loss troubles, financial stressors, obesity starts (same food intake, less exercise), risk factors start to surface (history of smoking/drinking/drug abuse are starting to manifest), cancer, substance use (heaviest users in this group due to stress related activities (glass of wine etc), psycho-social stressors - family, job, changes occur during this time frame.
 
Age, Gender, Developmental - Older adult ( 65+)
most frequent conditions include:
Arthritis
Heart Disease
Cancer
Diabetes
Hypertension

Injury prone due to risk for falls (breaks can be cause of life or death)

Pharmacologic effects - affects how body organs (liver/kidneys) process the drugs the patient is taking. Side effects must be looked at closely due to possible interactions with other medications.
 
Top 3 most frequent conditions in the older adult
Cardiac, Respiratory and Diabetes
 
Who live longer men or women?
women
 
what is the average life expectancy?
79 years
 
Health promotion and maintenance
Services that assist patients to remain healthy, prevent disease and injuries, detect diseases early, and promote healthier lifestyles

Healthy People 2020 - Goals every 10 years, are we meeting those goals? Health indicators

Increasing well being and health promotion for adults and maximizing their potential.
 
 
What is the nurses role in health promotion?
promoting and following healthy practices
 
What are two different kinds of diseases?
congenital and acquired.

Congenital - born with or present at birth such as babies with RSV have a higher likely hood to have respiratory issues in the future, leukemia - have high risk for cancer

Acquired - not born with, something you can catch like MRSA, TB or any other type of disease and then have the ability to spread it.
 
Classifications of disease
acute - short term
chronic - long term
communicable - spreadable disease
congenital - present at birth
degenerative - disease that deteriorates body structures such as tissues
functional - A functional disorder is a medical condition that impairs normal functioning of bodily processes that remains largely undetected under examination, dissection or even under a microscope. At the exterior, there is no appearance of abnormality.
malignant - life threatening disease
idiopathic - disease of an unknown cause
 
What happens if your patient manifests a disease?
Prompt them to seek treatment
 
What is the most common symptom people eventually seek healthcare for?
Pain
 
What are remissions of disease?

either the reduction or disappearance of the signs and symptoms of a disease. The term may also be used to refer to the period during which this diminution occurs. 

 

used to describe cancers, colitis, crohn's, arthritis. 

 

What are your patients triggers and what can they do to prevent flareups (exacerbation's?)

 
what are exacerbation's of disease?
overworking the body. can be due to environmental changes such as temperature and weather.

Flareups of a disease.
 
What are the three levels of illness prevention
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
 
what is primary prevention of illness?
eliminating risk factors

educate your patient on how to lead a healthy life

identifying risk factors and developing a strategy in how to keep people from making poor decisions.

Patient does not have an illness yet, your educating on the prevention of illness
 
what is secondary prevention of illness?
Emphasizing early diagnosis and treatment

screenings, xrays, MRIs, BP to help eliminate FURTHER problems from progressing.

The patient already has an illness but what are you going to suggest to keep their illness from getting worse.
 
 
what is tertiary prevention of illness?
preventing further decline and reducing complications

Ex. Your patient has had a stroke, one side of the body is weaker than the other, your tertiary prevention is to rehab them back to their baseline so they can still have some sort of dependence and function at a high level.
 
Types of nursing care
Primary Care
Transitional Care
Community-based care
Rehab
Home Health
 
What is the nurses function in primary care setting?
Assess problems
Provide patient education and instruction on their disease
Manage RN and Dr case load
Medication follow up
1 on 1 nursing
Organize and Navigate patients in what they need in the healthcare systems (referrals, etc)
Orders to allow the patient to get PT, OT, ST, special needs of an individual
Set up nursing home care for them because we know they need assistance.
Primary and Secondary Prevention
Emphasize screening for disease

(Inter-professional team includes RN, primary care provider, care/case managers/coordinators, social workers, rehab therapists)
 
What is the nurses function in a transitional care setting?
Improving outcomes of chronically ill patients
Help facilitate one part of their disease to the next
For example, what happens are the patient finishes PT? What is the extension of their care and transition to the community?, Group homes? Transitional Homes?
 
What is the nurses function in a community-based healthcare setting?
Leading support groups in hospitals
Managing freestanding clinic to provide care in the patient's home.

School Nurses - help identify problems within a certain population (elementary, secondary, college), looking at behavioral patterns of students and identifying areas of need, how is nutrition affecting students, identifying students in poverty and how nutrition, exercise and behavior is affecting them.

Working in churches/parishes

Working with the homeless population and identifying areas of need such as infections, skin issues, aid in a minimal perspective to get the individuals the care that they need.

Working in alcohol or drug rehabs or people who need assistance in general.
 
What is the nurses function in rehabilitation care setting?
Working with patients with chronic illnesses or impairments.

Setting is determined by the overall health of the patient.

Skill nursing (must be able to withstand 1.5 hrs of rehab daily)

Different aspects of how someone is living with chronic illness and how they can adapt to the community.
 
What is the nurses function in home-health care setting?
Primary care prevention in the home setting.

Different types of care and services provided is dependent on the patients condition.

Family and patient must be on the same page when transitioning to the home.

Medicare reimbursement criteria.

Promoting safety in home care and patient benefit from receiving care in their home.
 
What is palliative care?
Provides similar services as Hospice to patients with likely incurable chronic conditions but who have more than 6 months to live and who are still receiving curative treatments.

Comfort Care

The objective is to improve the quality of life and to give them to tools they need to stay home as long as possible.
 
What is hospice care?
philosophy of care for the terminally ill that involves supporting the quality of life as long as possible and who have less than 6 months to life.

Medical/Spiritual/Nursing needs are met.
Patient dies in dignity in the comfort of their own home, pain free.

For example, cancer diagnosis.
 
What is respite care?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
When was the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act signed into law?

This Act created what?
2010

created new expectations and responsibilities for nurses in all healthcare settings
 
3 main components of medical-surgical nursing
health promotion
healthcare
illness care
 
 
medical-surgical nursing focuses on
the adult patients' response to actual or potential alterations in health
 
competencies are based on
using communication, knowledge, technical skills, clinical reasoning, critical thinking, and values in practice
 
Triple Aim Initiative
Improve the patient care experience
Improve the health of populations
Reduce the per capita costs of care
 
Six competencies of QSEN
Patient-Centered Care
Teamwork and Collaboration
Evidence-Based Practice
Quality Improvement
Safety
Informatics
 
patient centered care
The nurse will recognize the patient as the source of control in the nurse-patient relationship and will provide compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for the patient's preferences, values, culture, and needs
 
teamwork and collaboration
The nurse will function within nursing teams and interprofessional teams with open communication and mutual respect, sharing decision making to achieve quality patient care
SBAR-clear communication
 
evidence based practice
The nurse will integrate current best evidence with clinical expertise to deliver optimal healthcare that is based on patient and family preferences
 
quality improvement
The nurse will use data to monitor the outcomes of care and continuously design and test changes to improve the quality and safety of healthcare systems
Ex. Quiet time - too much activity
Ex. hourly roundings to check in and make sure pt. doesn't have any other needs
 
safety!
The nurse will minimize risk of harm to patients, providers, and the interprofessional team through individual performance and by optimizing system effectiveness
 
informatics
The nurse will use information and technology to improve communication, manage knowledge, mitigate errors, and support decision making to achieve quality patient care
Electronic health records, look up (research)
clinical reasoning
Complex process using cognition and discipline-specific knowledge to gather and analyze patient information, evaluate its significance, and weigh alternative actions
 
knowing the profession
knowledge of standards of practice, scope of practice, competencies, skills, and roles of nurses

application of the professions' values and ethics
 
knowing self
knowledge of one's own strengths, limitations, skills, experience, assumptions, preconceptions, learning, and other needs
 
knowing the case
knowledge of pathophysiology, patterns that exist in typical cases, evidence-based practices relevant to appropriate patient population, predicted trajectory, and predictable patient responses
 
knowing the patient
knowledge of a patient's baseline data, patterns that exist in laboratory or other data, and patterns in physiologic responses to pathology and treatment
 
knowing the person
knowledge of a patient's past experience in relation to health and illness, supports and resources, treatment preferences, and knowledge of the patient in the context of family and community
 
assessment
-data collected and validated
-baseline and ongoing
-focused assessment
 
the nurse collects _____ assessment data
holistic
 
diagnosis
-actual diagnosis
-potential or risk diagnosis
-collaborative problems
-NANDA
-P E S
 
nursing problems (diagnosis)
a health problem identified during assessment that can be relived or resolved through nursing interventions
 
 
potential (or risk) nursing problem (diagnosis)
a health problem that is likely to develop unless the nurse intervenes
 
collaborative problems (diagnosis)
a health problem that requires both medical and nursing interventions; nurses monitor for and intervene to reduce complications
 
planning
-interventions using evidence based practiced
-identify outcomes
 
if you did not document
IT DIDN'T HAPPEN
 
implementation
-carrying out interventions and supervising assistive personnel
-ongoing assessment
-change plan if appropriate
-documentation is essential
 
evaluation
-determine if the plan is effective
-decide to continue, revise, or terminate the plan
-compare the outcome to the goals established earlier
 
care bundles
interprofessional care standards that pull together a short list of interventions and treatments that are already recommended and are generally accepted in national guidelines
 
ICN Code of Ethics
helps guide nurses in setting priorities, making judgements, and taking action when they face ethical dilemmas in clinical practice
 
ANA Code of Ethics
states principles of ethical concern, guiding the behavior of nurses and also defining nursing for the general public
 
health information privacy rules
ethical code
federal law
HIPAA
 
 
Professional Boundaries
-Borders between vulnerability of the patient and the power of nurse
-Act in the best interests of the patient
-Do not become involved in the patient's personal relationships
-Avoid the use of position for personal gain
-Nurses' responsibility to establish and maintain boundaries
 
dilemma
-Choice between two unpleasant, ethically troubling alternatives
-Pt. refuses care = pt. right and choice
 
issues
Confidentiality
Patient Rights
Issues of dying and death
 
nurse as the caregiver
-Role from 1900s to 1960s =
Primarily personal care
Carried out physician's orders

-Role Today
Independent and collaborative

-holistic approach
 
nurse as the educator
-Growing emphasis on health promotion
 
health literacy
Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services
 
framework for the role of educator is
the teaching-learning process
 
nurse as the advocate
-promote the patient's right to choose treatment options
-Serve as a change agent in the healthcare system
-Participate in health policy formulation
 
nurse as the leader and manager
-Manage time, people, resources, and the environment
-Delegate, supervise, and coordinate activities
-Models of care delivery
Primary nursing
Team nursing
 
primary nursing
allows the nurse to provide individualized direct care to a small number of patients during their entire inpatient stay
 
 
nurse as a delegator
-The nurse assigns appropriate, effective work activities to other members of the healthcare team
-Skills are VERY important
UAPs or NAPs
Minimal nursing education and experience
Assist the registered nurse
 
nurse as the researcher
identify problems in patient care
develop the profession through research
 
health
state of physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being
sees health absence of disease
 
health illness continuum
high-level wellness at one end and death at the other
overtime
 
center of the continuum is
the client's normal state of health
 
factors affecting health
-holistic healthcare
-genetic makeup
-cognitive abilities and education (stroke, brain injury, head trauma)
-ethnicity and culture
-lifestyle and environment
-biologic variations among cultures
-socioeconomic backgrounds
-geographic area
-family (who the person says is family)
 
the younger adult (18-40)
-injuries
-STIs
-substance abuse
-physical and psychosocial stressors
-provide resources and education for college students
-educating later on
 
the middle adult
start to experience diseases stemming from younger lifestyle
-obesity
-cardiovascular disease
-cancer
-substance abuse
-physical and psychosocial stressors
 
the older adult >65
-FALLS
-arthritis, heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension

pharmacologic effects - on meds that will alter body

physical and psychosocial stressors
-financial stressors, fear of loss of independence
 
disease
congenital or acquired
 
 
disease classifications
acute, chronic, communicable, congenital, degenerative, functional, malignant, idiopathic
 
Disease manifestations
prompt individual to seek treatment
 
first sign that makes people seek treatment
pain bc it is unfamiliar to them
 
acute illness
rapid, short duration
 
chronic illness
requires continued management over a long period of time
 
remission
a period of time when symptoms disappear
-cancer
-Crohn's disease, colitis
 
exacerbation
period in chronic illness when the symptoms of the disease reappear
 
hypertension is known as
silent killer
 
primary prevention
eliminating risk factors
-should start at birth
-eating nutritiously, safe sex, routine exercise, alcohol or cigarettes, texting and driving, vaccines
 
secondary prevention
emphasizing early diagnosis and treatment
-early cure to prevent disease progression
-screening!
 
tertiary prevention
preventing further decline and reducing complications
-pt. who has had a stroke, PT rehab
 
primary care
includes primary care provider, care coordinators or case managers, social workers, and rehab therapists
 
transitional care
interventions to facilitate transition
-goal of improving care outcomes of chronically ill patients
-mental health population
 
community based care
leading support groups in a hospital
-freestanding clinic
-parrish nurses,
-school nurses
-alcohol and drug rehab centers
-jail and prison centers
 
Rehabilitation
for patients with chronic illness or impairments
 
palliative care
symptom managment relief
-meds, breathing treatments
 
hospice care
medical nursing, spiritual care for terminally ill patients
-6 months or less to live
-in home or hospice homes
 
respite care
a type of care provided for caregivers of homebound ill, disabled, or elderly patients
temporary institutional care of a dependent elderly, ill, or handicapped person, providing relief for their usual caregivers.

For example, a wife who is taking care of her ill husband. Respite care will come in and temporarily provide care while the wife can attend an event such as a family wedding etc.

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