Reproductive Behaviors Chapter 10 Biological Psychology by Kalat
- Prenatal:
A) Normally governed principality by genitals of the fetus which can be altered by:
B) External hormonal fluxuations. Stress in female rats can decrease the action of testosterone by decreasing aromatize, an enzyme which converts testosterone to estradiol which masculinizes the hypothalamus. These females are more likely to show male sexual behavior.
A) Normally governed principality by genitals of the fetus which can be altered by:
B) External hormonal fluxuations. Stress in female rats can decrease the action of testosterone by decreasing aromatize, an enzyme which converts testosterone to estradiol which masculinizes the hypothalamus. These females are more likely to show male sexual behavior.
- Y Chromosome includes the SRY gene, which causes those primitive gonads to develop into testes, the sperm-producing organs.
- Testes produce androgens that increase the growth of the testes, causing them to produce more androgens and so forth.
- Androgens also cause the primitive Wolffian Ducts to develop into seminal vesicles and the vas deferens
- Testes also produce Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone (MIH) which causes the Mullerian Ducts to degenerate.
- Testes produce androgens that increase the growth of the testes, causing them to produce more androgens and so forth.
- Androgens also cause the primitive Wolffian Ducts to develop into seminal vesicles and the vas deferens
- Testes also produce Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone (MIH) which causes the Mullerian Ducts to degenerate.
- Testosterone and Estradiol: prime the MPOA (Medial Pre-Optic Area) and several other brain areas to release dopamine.
- MPOA neurons release dopamine strongly during sexual activity, and the more dopamine they release, the more likely the male is to copulate.
- Moderate concentrations, dopamine stimulates mostly type D1 and D5 receptors, which facilitate erection of the penis in the male and sexually receptive postures in the female
- Higher concentrations dopamine stimulates type D2 receptors, which leads to orgasm
- Sudden burst of dopamine in several brain areas at the time of orgasm resembles the "rush" that addictive drugs produce.
- MPOA neurons release dopamine strongly during sexual activity, and the more dopamine they release, the more likely the male is to copulate.
- Moderate concentrations, dopamine stimulates mostly type D1 and D5 receptors, which facilitate erection of the penis in the male and sexually receptive postures in the female
- Higher concentrations dopamine stimulates type D2 receptors, which leads to orgasm
- Sudden burst of dopamine in several brain areas at the time of orgasm resembles the "rush" that addictive drugs produce.
- Hormone released by the Pituitary Gland
- Produced at orgasm (produces a state of relaxation shortly after)
- Facilitates the formation of pair bonds between mating partners
- Produces faster familiar facial recognition, as well as blurry words, IF those words refer to pleasant social relationship words such as "love" or "kissing"
- Increases trust between people who ALREADY trust each other
- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during delivery of a baby
- Stimulates the mammary gland to release milk
- Related to the pair bond between mother & infant
- Produced at orgasm (produces a state of relaxation shortly after)
- Facilitates the formation of pair bonds between mating partners
- Produces faster familiar facial recognition, as well as blurry words, IF those words refer to pleasant social relationship words such as "love" or "kissing"
- Increases trust between people who ALREADY trust each other
- Stimulates contractions of the uterus during delivery of a baby
- Stimulates the mammary gland to release milk
- Related to the pair bond between mother & infant
- People with a mixture of male and female organs
- Some people are born with XX chromosome pattern but an SRY gene that translocated from the father's Y chromosome onto another chromosome. Despite their XX chromosomes, they have either an ovary and a testis, or two testes, or a mixture of testis and ovary tissue on each side.
- Others develop an intermediate appearance because of an atypical hormone pattern.
- Some people are born with XX chromosome pattern but an SRY gene that translocated from the father's Y chromosome onto another chromosome. Despite their XX chromosomes, they have either an ovary and a testis, or two testes, or a mixture of testis and ovary tissue on each side.
- Others develop an intermediate appearance because of an atypical hormone pattern.
- Overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth
- Most common cause of a hermaphrodite condition
- Pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal gland, cortisol secreted by the adrenal gland feeds back to decrease the release of ACTH. Some people have a genetic limitation in their ability to produce cortisol. Because the pituitary fails to receive much cortisol as a feedback signal, it continues secreting ACTH, causing the adrenal gland to secrete larger amounts of its other hormones, including testosterone. In genetic males, this causes no apparent problems, but it masculinizes genetic females.
- Most common cause of a hermaphrodite condition
- Pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal gland, cortisol secreted by the adrenal gland feeds back to decrease the release of ACTH. Some people have a genetic limitation in their ability to produce cortisol. Because the pituitary fails to receive much cortisol as a feedback signal, it continues secreting ACTH, causing the adrenal gland to secrete larger amounts of its other hormones, including testosterone. In genetic males, this causes no apparent problems, but it masculinizes genetic females.
- XY chromosome pattern have the genital appearance of a female.
- Produce normal amounts of androgens (including testosterone), but lack the receptor that enables androgen to activate genes in a cell's nucleus.
Consequently, the cells are insensitive to androgens, and development proceeds as if the level of testosterone and similar hormones was low.
- This condition occurs in various degrees, resulting in anatomy that ranges from a smaller than average penis to genitals like those of a normal female.
- Produce normal amounts of androgens (including testosterone), but lack the receptor that enables androgen to activate genes in a cell's nucleus.
Consequently, the cells are insensitive to androgens, and development proceeds as if the level of testosterone and similar hormones was low.
- This condition occurs in various degrees, resulting in anatomy that ranges from a smaller than average penis to genitals like those of a normal female.
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