Introduction to Sociology Q & A Review Guide
QUESTION 1
A high school student acts bored in class, and the teacher decides she is a bad student. This teacher discusses the student with other teachers who then treat that student as if she were a bad student. This describes the process ofa.cultural transmission.b.differential association.c.labeling.d.weakening social bonds.
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QUESTION 2
A legislator wants to change laws so that individuals arrested for possession of small amounts of illegal drugs will be sent to drug courts that will ensure that they participate in substance abuse treatment. Which of the following is the legislator advocating?a.Medicalization of devianceb.Mass incarcerationc.The idea that street criminals are an exploited classd.That deviance is functional for society
QUESTION 3
A soldier who shoots and kills an enemy combatant in battle is typically not considered deviant. An individual who shoots and kills a neighbor for playing loud music is typically considered deviant. This illustrates the point thata.killing is not morally deviant.b.soldiers are not judged as harshly as others in the general population when it comes to how they behave.c.whether or not behavior is considered deviant depends on the context.d.military law supersedes civil law.
QUESTION 4
According to the text, the example of attitudes toward smoking in the U.S. demonstrates the notion thata.smoking should not have been considered acceptable.b.evidence of risk is enough to change behavior.c.laws, such as anti-smoking laws, are needed in order identify deviant behavior.d.perceptions of deviance are influenced by social change.
QUESTION 5
Alcoholism has been punished by the legal system via laws against public inebriation and seen as a moral failing. However, it is now often responded to as a disease for which outpatient or even inpatient treatment is provided. This suggests that alcoholism has beena.contextualized.b.accepted as nondeviant.c.medicalized.d.normalized.
QUESTION 6
Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, is frequently referred to as a state ofa.extreme depression.b.excessive social integration.c.total detachment from society and societal forces.d.relative normlessness caused by the breakdown of social influences.
QUESTION 7
Corey just doesn’t care. He doesn’t care about his lousy, minimum wage job; he doesn’t care that he can barely survive; he doesn’t care about all of the expectations others have for them or the demands they put on him; and he doesn’t care that he was born (alone), he will live (alone), and he will die (alone) and none of it means a thing. Durkheim would suggest that Corey is living in a state ofa.anomie.b.egoism.c.dysfunction.d.culture conflict.
QUESTION 8
Differential association theory explains deviance bya.noting that some people have more power than others to define what is considered deviant.b.emphasizing how deviance is culturally transmitted.c.focusing on who has the power to label behaviors as deviant.d.making reference to societal goals and the means of achieving them.
QUESTION 9
Durkheim believed that the causes of suicide were found ina.the social environment.b.mental illness.c.genetics.d.emotional stress.
QUESTION 10
Durkheim’s research on _____ formed the foundation for the functionalist perspective of deviance.a.labelsb.altruismc.homosexualityd.suicide
QUESTION 11
According to Weber, what is true of the dimensions of stratification?a.Political status is much more important in determining one’s position in the stratification system than is economic or social status.b.There is no relationship between the economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification.c.The economic, social, and political dimensions of stratification are usually related.d.A person’s social, political, and economic statuses are always consistent with each other.
QUESTION 12
According to William Julius Wilson, the “urban underclass”a.consists largely of the permanently unemployed.b.is the product of an overly generous welfare system that encourages unemployment and lack of initiative.c.benefited from the recession because finding low-paying jobs was easier.d.consists mostly of newcomers to cities who simply lack the skills to live in urban settings.
QUESTION 13
According to the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act (PRWRA),a.all states must offer the same level of benefits to their residents in poverty.b.welfare benefits are now provided only at the federal level.c.states may offer welfare benefits that are more generous than those of the PRWRA, but they must not provide any less.d.states have the right to be more restrictive in terms of benefits than the guidelines offered by the PRWRA.
QUESTION 14
According to the _____ perspective, the most vital jobs in society usually receive the greatest economic rewards.a.conflictb.functionalistc.symbolic interactionistd.feminist
QUESTION 15
According to the text, the great majority of the homeless are on the streets because ofa.divorce.b.the lack of affordable housing.c.substance abuse.d.poor mental health.
QUESTION 16
As of 2017, about _____ percent of the U.S. population was living below the poverty line?a.3.2b.21.7c.12.3d.14.9
QUESTION 17
Beth, a recent college graduate, recognizes that she has lots of nice “stuff,” largely thanks to her family buying it for her. Beth also recognizes that she has a lot of debt, thanks to her student loans. When Beth considers the difference between the monetary value of her possessions and other financial assets and her debt, she is best described as pondering hera.prestige.b.wealth.c.income.d.class position.
QUESTION 18
Blair can’t help but notice what people are wearing at the office party. Some are wearing the latest from designer brands, accessorized with designer shoes and expensive jewelry, and others are wearing what seems to her to be indistinguishable popular brands of clothing and shoes. Blair is best described as musing on the _____ projected by what people are wearing.a.social casteb.social statusc.social conflictd.social greed
QUESTION 19
During the 2008 recession, the pattern of home foreclosures in the United States included which of the following?a.Middle-class neighborhoods were able to avoid foreclosures.b.Foreclosures occurred at the same rate in all neighborhoods.c.Wealthy Americans had foreclosure rates surpassing the middle class.d.Foreclosure rates for African Americans were nearly twice those for Whites.
QUESTION 20
How is the pattern of wealth distribution in the United States influenced by race?a.The pattern of wealth distribution in the United States is no longer influenced by race.b.Asians are a “model minority” and hold most of the wealth in the United States.c.Black families have higher levels of wealth than White families.d.Discriminatory practices in banking and housing perpetuate racial inequalities.
QUESTION 21
In recent years, both the African American and the Latino middle class have expanded because ofa.increased access to education and middle-class occupations for people of color.b.increased intermarriage rates with White Anglos.c.legislation that has brought an end to de facto discrimination.d.a significant upturn in the U.S. economy during the past decade.
QUESTION 22
In the United States,a.a person’s individual achievements have no effect on his or her social class.b.most individuals move down the social class ladder during their lifetimes.c.most people live their entire lives as members of a social class very close to the one they were born into.d.it is very common for people to start out poor and yet achieve great wealth.
QUESTION 23
In the United States, the concept of the “model minority”a.hides the successes of Whites.b.changes based on the experiences of racial and ethnic groups.c.takes into account the successes of all other minority groups.d.is based on a stereotype of Asian Americans being overwhelmingly successful.
QUESTION 24
In the United States, upward social mobilitya.is a function of how hard the individual works.b.essentially ceased in the aftermath of the 2008 recession.c.is almost inevitable with a good education.d.is less common than many believe.
QUESTION 25
In the United States, the lower classa.includes the working poor.b.is disproportionately represented by people of color and women.c.all of these are correct.d.has little formal education.
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