Test Bank for Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology 7th Edition by Eisenberg

50. Exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses may result in alterations in the DNA called: a. mutations. b. reduced penetrance. c. variable expressivity. d. aberrations. ANS: A Mutations are alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes if they affect the gonadal cells. Mutations may result from radiation, chemicals, or viruses. 51. A gene always producing an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous is named: a. recessive. b. dominant. c. autosomal recessive. d. autosomal dominant. ANS: B Dominant genes always produce an effect regardless of whether the person is homozygous or heterozygous. 52. When a vaccine or toxoid is used to counteract an antigen, it is considered: a. passive immunity. b. active immunity. c. community-acquired immunity. d. iatrogenic. ANS: B In active immunity, a person forms antibodies to counteract an antigen in the form of a vaccine or a toxoid. 53. The body has the ability to combat antigens by forming in the lymphoid tissue. a. antibodies b. toxins c. immunoglobulins d. antibodies and immunoglobulins ANS: D The immune reaction of the body provides a powerful defense against invading organisms by allowing it to recognize foreign substances (antigens), such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and toxins, and to produce antibodies or immunoglobulins to counteract them. 54. Hypotension and vascular collapse with urticaria, bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema are characteristics of: a. anaphylactic reactions. b. cytotoxic reactions. c. histamine release.  d. delayed reactions. ANS: A Generalized, or systemic, anaphylactic reactions are characterized by hypotension and vascular collapse (shock) with urticaria (hives), bronchiolar spasm, and laryngeal edema. 55. Profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity resulting in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections is characteristic of: a. anaphylactic reactions. b. histamine release. c. AIDS. d. cytotoxic reactions. ANS: C Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which most commonly affects young homosexual men and intravenous drug abusers, is characterized by a profound and sustained impairment of cellular immunity that results in recurrent or sequential opportunistic infections. 56. The retrovirus known to contribute to AIDS is: a. hepatitis. b. human immunodeficiency virus. c. immunoglobulins. d. Kaposi sarcoma. ANS: B AIDS is attributable to infection with retroviruses known as human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). 57. A hazy, perihilar, granular infiltrate spreading to the lung periphery is the early radiographic finding of: a. AIDS. b. Kaposi syndrome. c. hepatitis. d. Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. ANS: D The typical early radiographic finding of P. jirovecii pneumonia is a hazy, perihilar, granular infiltrate that spreads to the periphery and appears preponderantly interstitial. 58. The modality of choice to demonstrate the multiple manifestations of AIDS in the central nervous system is: a. CT. b. nuclear medicine. c. ultrasound. d. MRI. ANS: D MRI best demonstrates the multiple manifestations of AIDS in the central nervous system. 59. All of the following are personal protective equipment (PPE), except: a. gown. b. gloves. c. mask. d. sharps container. ANS: D A sharps container is not used for personal protection against the transmission of diseases. 60. All of the following are additive diseases in terms of x-ray attenuation, except: a. pneumonia. b. osteolytic metastasis. c. callus. d. ascites. ANS: B Osteolytic metastasis is a destructive disease.