PUBH 302 Exam 3 Study Guide DOWNLOAD

PUBH 302 Exam 3 Study Guide Infectious Disease & Control · Articulate the difference between “infectious” and “communicable” diseases (Dz). 1. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic organisms (germs) such as virus or bacteria 2. Communicable disease is a type of infectious disease that can be passed from individual to individual 3. Contagious is a very communicable disease · List & define 3 direct routes of infectious Dz transmission. 1. Skin to skin (herpes 1) 2. Mucous to mucous (STI) 3. Across Placenta (rubella, HIV) 4. Through breast milk (HIV) 5. Sneeze- cough/ aerosolized from person to person ( Flu, TB) · List & define 3 indirect routes of infectious Dz transmission. 1. Food Borne (salmonella) 2. Water borne (cholera) 3. Vector-borne (Malaria) 4. Air-borne/ aerosolized from person to object (chickenpox, cold) · Explain conditions that increase the risk of infection. 1. Sleep, diet, physical activity, stress? · Describe 3 methods for preventing infection at the personal/individual level. 1. Handwashing wash hands home, out 2. Personal Protective equipment (PPE) gloves, mask, gown, eye protection, boots, not touching face 3. Take care of immune system sleep, diet, physical activity, manage stress · Describe 3 methods for prevention infection at the community/population level. 1. Immunization introduce antibodies to stimulate immune system to produce own antibodies 2. Screening and Treatment getting tested and figuring out who was exposed 3. Barrier protection : Isolation and Quarantine restrict movements of those with disease and of those exposed · Identify priority infectious diseases which pose a PH threat - study materials for exams Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) - Ebola virus disease and Marbug Virus disease - Lassa Fever - Middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) - Nipah and henipaviral diseases - Rift Valley Fever (RVF) - Zika - Disease X · Briefly explain why disease considered a priority o Priority infectious diseases are priority because they have potential to cause public health emergency and there’s an absence of drugs and vaccines for the disease · Identify infectious diseases of “on-going” concern o Dengue, yellow fever, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, influenza, smallpox, cholera, leishmaniasis, west nile virus, plague · Briefly explain why disease is an on-going concern o These Dz pose major public health problems and need further research and development through existing control initiatives, existing R&D pipelines, existing funding streams, or established regulatory pathways for improved interventions · Define environmental health o The science and practice of preventing human injury and illness and promoting well-being by identifying and evaluating environmental sources and hazardous agents and limiting exposures to hazardous physical, chemical, and biological agents in air, water, soil, food, · Identify determinants in the environment that influence health o Air pollution o Inadequate water sanitation o Chemicals o Radiation o Community noise o Occupational risks o Agricultural practices o Built environments o Climate change · Explain the concept of toxicology o Toxicology is the study of the effects of poisons in how the poison produces a toxic effect o Dose makes the poison o Exposure must occur for the toxin to present a risk and the magnitude of the risk is proportional to the potency of the chemical and the extent of the exposure · Explain exposure concepts o Different toxic response arise from different routes of exposure, frequencies of exposure, duration of exposure o Body metabolizes toxin differently from individual to individual § Life stage § Gender § Form and ability to be absorbed § Metabolism § Distribution within the body § Excretion § Health of individual § Nutritional status § Presence of other chemicals § Circadian rhythms · Provide historical examples of occupational risk o Radium Girls radium dial painters licked brushes to pull to a point o 1950s shoe salesman used fluoroscope to size shoes causing radiation of feet and repeated exposure to salesman o Miners disease from inhaling metal vapors (Paracelsus, 1533) o Scrotal cancer from soot in chimney sweeps (Pott, 1775) · What efforts have been taken to reduce risk o Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) § Informs and allows reporting of hazards o National Toxicology Program § Focus on endocrine disruptors, occupational mixtures and exposures, phytotoxicology , safe drinking water o National Environmental Policy Act § Create and maintain conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony · Identify important environmental figures in history o 1713 – Ramazzini and Italian doctor published De Morbis Artificum § Linked hazards of dust, fumes, and gases to lung disease in workers o 1854-1915 – Paul Ehrlich