AMP2 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS and ANSWERS (LATEST UPDATE 2023, 2024)

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS What does the circulatory system include?

1) Blood 2) Heart 3) Blood vessels

What does the cardiovascular system include?

1) Heart 2) Blood vessels

What type of tissue is Blood. What is it made of?

Connective tissue. Formed elements and liquid extracellular matrix

What is the formed elements of blood

Cellular component - RBC, WBC, Platelets

What are the functions of blood? Add a bit of an explanation

Transport (transport within bloodstream), Protect (WBC, Platelets protect from blood loss), Regulate (temperature, fluid balance)

What are the components of blood (rough percents)

Around 50% plasma, Around 50% erythrocytes, less than 1% buffy coat

What is plasma made of (percents)

90% water

8% proteins

2% other solutes (gasses, nutrients, hormones, etc.)

What are the common proteins in plasma.

1) Albumin

2) Globulins

3) Fibrinogen

Albumin

Plasma protein - transport of lipids and steroid hormones, Primary influence on osmotic pressure

Osmotic Pressure

Force that pulls water from tissue into bloodstream

Globulins

Protein in plasma that helps with transport/immunity

Fibrinogen

protein in plasma that aids in clotting

What is serum

plasma without fibrinogen (wont clot)

What are erythrocytes?

red blood cells

Hematocrit

Test that measures the percentage of whole blood that is made of rbc

What is the buffy coat made of?

1) Leukocytes

2) Thrombocytes

Leukocytes

White blood cells

Thrombocytes

Platelets

What is viscosity

Resistance of fluid to flow

How viscous is whole blood?

5x as viscous as water

How viscous is plasma? why?

2x as viscous as water. Because it contains proteins.

What happens if you change blood viscosity

Circulatory functions can be impacted

Osmolarity. Definition and what does it determine

Concentration of dissolved particles in plasma (fluid component). Determines movement of water based on osmotic gradient.

What does high blood osmolarity result in

Increased blood pressure. water moves from tissue into bloodstream.

Low blood osmolarity

edema - water moves into tissue

Hemopoiesis

Blood production

What do hemopoietic tissue start as

Hemopoietic stem cells

Where do fetus have hemopoietic tissues

RBM, Liver, Spleen

Where do you have hemopoietic tissue postnatal

RBM

Extramedullary hemopoiesis

In severe illness liver and spleen can still contribute to hemopoiesis

Where is red bone marrow found in adults

axial skeleton (head neck back), humoral and femoral heads

Where is red bone marrow found in children

most bones

What is the primary function of RBC

Gas transport to respiratory system (O2 and CO2)

What is the role of hemoglobin

Bind Oxygen and allows it to be carried

What is the shape of RBC

Discoidal biconcave shape

What are the plasma membrane proteins and their roles

Antigens - blood type

cytoskeletal proteins - durability (can deform and then return to original shape)

What can you say about the organelles in RBC

RBC lose all internal organelles during maturation. They have no nuclues and no mitochondria.

What is the significance of the fact that RBC dont have mitochondria

They do anaerobic respiration. They cannot do aerobic respiration and will not consume oxygen.

What is hemoglobin made of?

4 proteins chains - 2 alpha globin, 2 beta globins.

What does the heme group do for each globin

It has an iron atom at the center that binds to oxygen

What is % saturation

Percentage of heme group occupied by oxygen

Erythropoiesis

RBC productiono

How long does it take for an RBC to mature?

4-5 days

What is the lifespan of an RBC

120 days

What are the phases of RBC maturation

1) hematopoietic stem cell

2) Proerythroblast

2) Erythroblast

3) Reticulocyte

4) Erythrocyte

Role of erythropoietin

stimulates proerythroblasts to transform into erythroblasts

How does an erythroblast become a reticulocyte

Hemoglobin is produced, nucleus is discarded, cell becomes a reticulocyte

How does a reticulocyte become an erythrocyte?

Reticulocytes leave bone marrow and mature into erythrocytes

Erythropoietin

where is it released

Why is it released

what does it stimulate

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