(Answered) Ivy Tech Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam 2023

Anatomy and Physiology 101 Final Exam Ivy Tech 1. What is the difference between anatomy and physiology: anatomy- study of structure physiology- study of function 2. what are the levels of organization: subatomic particle- protons, electrons, neutrons atom molecule macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism 3. what are the characteristics of life?: movement responsiveness respiration absorption secretion digestion assimilation- changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms circulation reproduction growth 4. what are the requirements of life?: water food heat pressure oxygen 5. define homeostasis: maintaining of a stable enviroment 6. what is a homeostatic mechanism: monitors aspects of internal environment and corrects as needed *negative feedback mechanism 7. define matter: anything that takes up space and has mass 8. element: composed of chemically identical atoms 9. atom: smallest particle of atom, basic unit of matter 10. what are structure of an atom: nucleus protons neutron electrons 11. define nucleus, proton, electron, neutron: nucleus- central part of atom proton- positive charge electron- negative charge neutron- no electrical charge 12. ionic bond: formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another 13. what are covalent bonds: when two molecules share electron 14. hydrogen bond: formed between water molecule, attraction between positive end of polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule 15. define synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions: Synthesis- A+B=AB Decomposition- AB=A+B exchange- AB+CD=AD+BC 16. define reactant: starting materials of reactions 17. product: ending material 18. define catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction 19. what is an acid: dissociates with water 20. base: combines in water 21. what happens to salts when dissolved in water and what is produced?: The salt molecules are "torn apart" by the water, and are reduced to sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Cl-) ions. 22. what is the pH scale? what ions are involved in the pH scale?: pH scale- indicated the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, H+ and OH- 23. organic molecule: contains Carbon and hydrogen and dissolves in water. 24. inorganic molecule: does not contain C and H and dissociates with water 25. What is dehydration synthesis: taking water out (producing water) to form a new product. Uses energy 26. hydrolysis: separation of two macromolecules by adding water. Releases ener- gy 27. what are carbohydrates: provide energy and cell structure 28. lipids: provide energy and cell structure 29. proteins: structural material, enzymes, energy, hormones, 30. nucleic acids: store information for protein synthesis, control cell activity 31. what are amino acids?: Protein building blocks which are help together by peptide bonds 32. what are enzymes?: a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. 33. DNA: Part of chromosomes and in nucleus. responsible for storing and transfer- ring genetic information. 34. RNA: located in cytoplasm. directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins 35. describe cell membrane: controls what goes in and out of cell, phospholipid bilayer 36. nucleus: control center 37. cytoplasm: contains cytosol 38. cytosol: aqueous substance 39. organelles: organized/specialized structures in cell 40. Function of Ribosomes: synthesize protein 41. ER: transport system, ribosome attachment, synthesize lipids 42. Golgi apparatus: modify, package, deliver protein 43. mitochondria: generate energy 44. Function lysosome: digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances 45. peroxisome: breakdown organic molecules 46. centrosome: produce cilia and flagella, distribute chromosomes during cell division 47. Function vesicle: store, transport or digest cellular products and cellular waste 48. cilia: propel substances across surfaces 49. flagella: motility of sperm 50. function of nuclear envelope: control substance in and out of nucleus 51. nuclear pores: a large complex of proteins that allows small molecules and ions to freely pass, or diffuse, into or out of the nucleus 52. nucleolus: site of ribosome formation 53. chromatin: package DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence 54. define pinocytosis: engulfs liquids from surrondings 55. define phagocytosis: engulfs solids from surroundings 56. exocytosis: vesicle fuses with membrane and releases contents outside of cell 57. transcytosis: ferries particles through cell 58. isotonic: neutral 59. hypertonic: cell shrinks 60. hypotonic: cell swells 61. interphase: cell growth, replicates material to prepare for cell division, synthe- size organelles for cell divisision 62. prophase: chromosomes form, nuclear envelop disappears