HESI A2 TERMS Last updated 28 April 2021 0 1824 anatomic position what is this position called? superior what position means above? inferior what position means below? anterior what position means facing forward? posterior what position means toward the back? medial what position means towards the midline? lateral what position means away from the midline distal what position means further from the point of attachment? proximal what position means closer to the point of attachment? transverse plane what body plane is this? sagital plane what body plane is this? frontal plane what body plane is this? dorsal cavity which major body cavity is in yellow? it includes the cranial and spinal sub-cavities. ventral cavity which major body cavity is in red? it includes the orbits, nasal, oral, theoretic and abdominopelvic sub-cavities. histology the study of tissues a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function define tissue epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous what are the four fundamental tissues? epithelial tissue what tissue is this? connective tissue what tissue is this? muscle tissue what tissue is this? nervous tissue what tissue is this? cover, line and protect the body and its internal organisms what are epithelial cell functions? serves as the framework of the body, providing support and structure for organs what is connective tissue functions? neurons and connective tissue called neuroglia what is nerve tissue composed of? the ability to contract or shorten what ability does muscle tissue have? skeletal muscles what is voluntary muscle tissue? smooth and cardiac muscles what is involuntary muscle tissue? the basic unit of life and building block of tissues and organs define the cell the nucleus contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribosomes are important in the synthesis of proteins. describe and explain the organelles and their specific function within a cell. (specifically the nucleus and ribosomes) the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body what do proteins provide? necessary for growth and repair in the body. DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly into two daughter cells. describe the process of mitosis the special cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes). the chromosome number is reduced from 46 to 23, so when the egg and sperm unite in fertilization, the zygote will have the correct number of chromosomes. describe the process of meiosis skin what is the largest organ of the body? epidermis, dermis and hypodermis what three layers does the skin consist of? epidermis; outer most layer of skin that is made of dead keratinized epithelial cells and protects the body. Provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. It rests on subcutaneous tissue that connect the skin to muscles. what layer of skin is the arrow pointing to? what is its purpose? dermis; the underlying layer under the epidermis and consists of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings and associated with skin structures hair follicles and sweat glands what layer of skin is the arrow pointing to? what is its purpose? hypodermis; deeper layer of skin and is made of fat and connective tissue. what layer of skin is the arrow pointing to? what is its purpose? in order from outer to inner layer: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum and stratum germinativan what are the layers of the epidermis? includes stratum basale and stratum spinosum; this layer of the epidermis is where mitosis occurs. what does the stratum germinativan layer of the epidermis include and what is the significance? melanin; this protects against radiation from the sun what protein pigment does epidermal cells contain? what is its purpose? eccrine; regulate body temperature by releasing watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin what sweat gland in the dermis is the most widely distributed and what is its purpose? located in armpits and groin area, display apocrine secretion. what is the purpose of other sweat glands in the dermis? this secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells. the cell debris attracts bacteria which creates body odor. then the sebaceous glands release an oily secretion (sebum) through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin to prevent drying. explain apocrine secretion holocrin secretion how is sebum produced in the sebaceous gland? becoming clogged and attracting bacteria what are the sebaceous glands susceptible of during adolescence? hair and nails what do the appendages of the skin include? keratin what strong protein are the hair and nails composed of? bone, cartilage, ligaments, and joints what does the skeletal system consist of? support, movement, blood and cell formation (hemopoiesis) protection of internal organs, detoxification (removal of poisons), provision for muscle attachment, and mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus) what are functions of the skeletal system? long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones bones are classified by shape, what are those shapes? long bone the humorous is an example of what shape of bone? short bone the talus is an example of what shape of bone? flat bone the sternum is an example of what shape of bone? irregular bone the vertebra is an example of what shape of bone? sesamoid bone the patella is an example of what shape of bone? epiphysis the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft is called what? compact composed of osteons/osteoblasts.compact bone? or spongy bone? both contains osteocytes and lacunae.compact bone? or spongy bone? both has lamellae.compact bone? or spongy bone? spongy has trabeculae.compact bone? or spongy bone? spongy has perforating canals.compact bone? or spongy bone? spongy located in the epiphyses.compact bone? or spongy bone? compact located in the diaphysis.compact bone? or spongy bone? compact has a central canal.compact bone? or spongy bone? spongy spaces filled with red marrow.compact bone? or spongy bone? both has canaliculi.compact bone? or spongy bone? skull, vertebral column, twelve pairs of ribs, and the sternum what does the axial skeleton consist of? 28 how many bones total make up the skull? facial = 14 with 6 being from the earscranial = 14 what are the two parts of the skull and how many bones make up each? 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, 1 mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, and 2 inferior nasal conchae. what bones are included in the facial bones the mandible what is the only moveable bone of the skull? the single occipital, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid. the paired pariental, temporal, ossicles, of the ear what bones are included in the cranial bones malleus(A), incus(B) and stapes(C) what are the three parts of the ear? cervical = 7thoracic = 12lumbar = 5sacral (the sacrum)= 5coccygeal (the tailbone) what are the five subsections the vertebral column is divided into and how many bones does each section consist of? the girdles and limbs what does the appendicular skeleton consist of? clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. what bones does the upper portion of the appendicular skeleton consist of? pelvic girdle/os coxae (illuim, ischium, and pubis), femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges. what bones does the lower portion of the appendicular skeleton consist of? clavicle name the bone. scapula name the bone. humerus name the bone. radius name the bone. ulna name the bone. metacarpals name the bone. phalanges name the bone. os coxae name the bone. ilium name the part of the pubis bone. ischium name the part of the pubis bone. pubis name the part of the pubis bone. femur name the bone. tibia name the bone. fibula name the bone. tarsals name the bone. metatarsals name the bone. phalanges name the bone. nerve stimulation causes muscles to contract in response. contraction results from the sliding together of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle cell or fiber. how do muscles produce movement? myofibrils which in turn are made up of smaller units called sarcomeres. what is each muscle cell made of? calcium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) what must be present for a muscle cell to contract? nervous stimulation from motor neurons what causes the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? inhibitory proteins on the actin filaments with the cell, moving them aside so that cross-bridges can form between actin and myosin figments what does calcium ions attach to? what does this do? slide together to produce the muscle contraction using energy supplied by ATP, the actin and myosin filaments do what? voluntary muscles because they are under conscious control another name for the skeletal muscles that make up the muscular system is? why the name? prime mover: the muscle that executes a given movementantagonist: the the muscle that produces the opposite movement skeletal muscles must work in pairs. this refers to what two parts? other muscles that may work in cooperation with the prime mover what does the synergists do? flexors, extensors, abductor, adductor muscles can be classified according to the movements they elicit. what are the 4 movements? flexor which muscle movement is this? it reduces the angle of the joint. extensor what muscle movement is this? it increases the angle of the joint abductor what muscle movement is this? it draws a limb away from the midline. adductor what muscle movement is this? it returns the limb back to the midline. brain, spinal cord, and nerves. what does the nervous system consist of? to perceive changes taking place in our external and internal environment such as our perception of touch, smell, hearing, sight, taste along with abstract activities such as thinking, reasoning, and remembering what capabilities does the nervous system give us? supplies skeletal muscles with nerve impulses that cause contraction how does the nervous system create body movements? integrates body functions such as digestion and reproduction how does the nervous system work with the endocrine glands? transmission of nerve impulses over neurons, or nerve cells which are the functional units of of the nervous system. what does all the actions of the nervous system depend on? dendrites; transmit the impulse toward the cell body what part of the neuron is this and what is its function? axon; transmit the impulse away from the cell body what part of the neuron is this and what is its function? central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) the nervous system can be divided into what two parts? compromised of the spinal cord and brain what is the CNS? composed of all other neurons in body that aren't apart of the Central nervous system (CNS) what is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)? CNS (enter through dorsal horns of spinal chord) sensor (afferent) neurons transmit nerve pulses toward where? CNS towards the effector organ such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs (leave through ventral horns of spinal chord) motor (efferent) neurons transmit nerve pulses away from what and to where? cerebrum: associate with movement and sensory inputcerebellum: responsible for muscular coordinationmedulla oblongata: controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate what are the major parts of the brain and their functions? approximately 18 inches long how long is the spinal cord? 31 how many pairs of nerve impulses exit the spinal chord? those in which nerve impulses travel through spinal chord only and do not reach the brain. what is a simple spinal reflex? at the hypothalamus and pituitary glands where does the nervous system and endocrine system meet in the body? feedback of hormones in the blood the hypothalamus governs the pituitary and is in turn controlled by what? the endocrine system both the nervous and endocrine system control the body but which system has more long-lasting and widespread effects? chemical messengers that control the growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells; affect cell activity by altering the rate of protein synthesis. define hormones. steroid and nonsteroid what are the two major groups of hormones? enter the target cells and have a direct effect on the DNA of the nucleus steroid hormones do what? are protein hormones; meaning they remain at the cell surface and act through a second messenger, usually a substance called adenosine monophosphate (AMP) nonsteroid hormones do what? the main function of each gland is the protection of hormones even though the endocrine glands are widely distributed, why are they grouped together as a system? stomach, small intestine and kidneys what other organs produce hormones? the master gland what is the pituitary gland nicknamed? it is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk called the infundibulum what is the pituitary gland attached to? the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) what two major portions make up the pituitary gland? - Somatotropin hormone (STH) or growth hormone (GH)- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-Luteinising hormone (LH) hormones released from the adenohypophyis are called tropic hormones because they act mainly on other endocrine glands. they include what? oxytocin, the labor hormone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hormones released from the neurohypophysis include what? thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas and gonads (ovaries and testes) besides the pituitary, what are some other important endocrine glands? erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% of what 3 formed elements produced from stem cells in red bone marrow? oxygen which binds to the pigmented protein hemoglobin RBC are modified for transport of what? on basis of size, appearance of nucleus, staining properties, and presence or absence of visible cytoplasmic granules. how can the five different types of leukocytes be distinguished from one another? phagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes) and antibody formation (lymphocytes) what processes are WBC active in? blood clotting what process is platelets active in? carbon dioxide and metabolic waste blood over all serves to trasport oxygen and nutrients to body cells and carry away what? 10% plasma contains approximately ______ proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, and hormones, which are dissolved or suspended in water. pulmonary; systemic The heart is a double pump that sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation through the _____________ circuit and to the remainder of the body through the ____________ circuit. atria blood is received by the ________ and is pumped into circulation by ventricles. tricuspid; bicuspid valves between the atria and ventricles include the _________ on the right side of the heart and the _________ on the left side. at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and aorta where are semilunar valves found? 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