Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how people develop, evolve, and adapt across their lifetime. It studies physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development from infancy to adulthood. Piaget's stages of cognitive development stress how children think and learn differently at different ages, whereas Erikson's psychosocial stages focus on identity and social interactions. This field helps us understand behaviors, learning patterns, and emotional responses, which can be applied to education, parenting, and therapy. Exploring the complexities of human development helps us obtain a better understanding of growth and the elements that influence our life trajectories.
Which of the following changes in vision is likely to occur during middle adulthood?
| A. | increased difficulty seeing things up close | |
| B. | increased difficulty seeing things at a distance | |
| C. | increased difficulty seeing at night | |
| D. | both a and c | |
| E. | both b and c |
both a and c
When men experience andropause:
| A. | their testosterone levels decline | |
| B. | their number of sperm decline | |
| C. | they are no longer able to reproduce | |
| D. | both a and b | |
| E. | all of the above |
both a and b
Which of the following is most likely to DECREASE with age?
| A. | fluid intelligence | |
| B. | crystallized intelligence | |
| C. | tacit knowledge | |
| D. | word knowledge |
fluid intelligence
According to Erikson, the major task of middle adulthood is:
| A. | continuing to excel in one’s career | |
| B. | forming intimate relationships | |
| C. | guiding the next generation | |
| D. | avoiding a mid-life crisis |
guiding the next generation
Lucy, a fourth grade teacher, used to be able to easily remember the names of all of her students. Lately, however, she is starting to have difficulty. Therefore, Lucy had the students create name plates that they could display on their desks. According to the SOC model, Lucy is engaging in:
| A. | optimization | |
| B. | compensation | |
| C. | creative problem solving | |
| D. | kinkeeping |
compensation
Middle-aged adults are sometimes referred to as the “sandwich generation” because:
| A. | they really like to eat at Subway | |
| B. | they are likely to be caring for both their aging parents and still taking care of their adult children | |
| C. | their young adult children have returned home to live with them | |
| D. | they are living longer than people did in the past |
they are likely to be caring for both their aging parents and still taking care of their adult children
In families, middle-aged adults tend to function as the _______________________, celebrating family achievements, keeping the family together, and staying in touch with distant relatives.
| A. | sandwich generation | |
| B. | nuclear bond | |
| C. | intergenerational gatekeepers | |
| D. | kinkeepers |
kinkeepers
Which of the following statements is(are) TRUE regarding weight gain during middle adulthood?
| A. | men tend to gain fat on their upper abdomen and back | |
| B. | women tend to gain more fat on their waist and upper arms | |
| C. | weight gain occurs because the metabolism slows during midlife | |
| D. | all of the above are true |
all of the above are true
When women’s ovaries stop releasing eggs and menstruation stops, this is referred to as:
| A. | menarche | |
| B. | andropause | |
| C. | menopause | |
| D. | sarcopenia |
menopause
Which of the following statements regarding presbycusis is FALSE?
| A. | it is more likely to occur in men | |
| B. | it is more likely to occur in women | |
| C. | it can be caused by accumulated exposure to loud noise levels | |
| D. | high frequency sounds are the first affected |
it is more likely to occur in women
1. What is developmental psychology?: a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
2. What three major issues does developmental psychology focus on?: a. Nature and Nurture
b. Continuity and Stages c. Stability and Change
3. From prenatal development, define:
a. zygotes b. embryo c. fetus
d. teratogens
e. fetal alcohol syndrome: a. the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
b. the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
c. the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
d. agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
e. physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking
4. What is habituation?: decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation
5. On the day you were born, you had most of the you would ever have.: brain cells
6. What brain area experience the most rapid growth? What are the last cortical areas to develop?: Frontal Lobe, Associative
7. When do more complicated motor skills emerge?: As muscles, nerves and cerebellum matures
8. The average age of earliest conscious memory is years.: 3 1/2
9. What was Piaget's core idea?: A child's mind develops through a series of stages
10. What are schemas?: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
11. In terms of assimilation and accommodation, describe how we use adjust our schemas.: interpreting out new experiences in terms of our existing schemas adapting out current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
12. Describe (and include age range) Piaget's four stages of cognitive devel- opment.
a. sensorimotor stage b. preoperation stage
c. concrete operational stage
d. formal operational stage: a. Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
b. Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
c. Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
d. Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age
12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
13. Piaget's findings today are still widely significant, but today's researchers see
as more than did Piaget.: development, continuous
14. What is stranger anxiety?: the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age
15. What is attachment?: an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on sepa- ration
16. What is a critical period?: an optimal period shortly after birth when an organ- ism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development
17. What is imprinting?: the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
18. In a strange situation, what is the difference between secure attachment and insecure attachment?: likes to explore and happy when parent arrives, clingy at front door not when parent comes back
19. What is temperament?: a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and in- tensity
20. predisposes temperament differences.: Heredity
21. Erik Erikson said that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust. What does this mean?: according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
22. Does day care affect attachment? Explain based on results of studies.: It varies from age and situation
23. When does Darwin belief self-awareness begins? About what age does this happen?: at 6 months of age
24. Describe the differing parenting styles. a. authoritarian
b. permissive
c. authoritative: a. parents impose rules and expect obedience b. parents submit their children's desire
c. parents are both demanding and responsiveness
25. What is the author's word of caution in regards to parenting styles?: the association between certain parenting styles and certain childhood outcomes is correlation
26. Both and sculpt out synapses: nature, nurture
27. Do parents matter? Explain: Yes, they shape the child and their future
28. What did Howard Gardner (in the study excerpt) conclude about the influ- ence of peers? Do you agree? Why or why not?: I believe he is mostly accurate when he says we look to peers for popularity and hobbies, but we look to parents for life decisions.
29. What changes are going on in adolescent's brain?: brain cells increase their connections
30. According to Piaget's formal operations, what are some changes in ado- lescent reasoning?: they become more capable of abstract reasoning.
31. To be a moral person is to:: Think morally and act accordingly
32. What was Lawrence Kohlberg looking to show?: The development of moral reasoning
33. Be sure to understand Kohlberg's stages of moral development as listed below.: know the chart
34. The mind makes moral judgements and .: emotional, logi- cal
35. Morality involves:: right vs. wrong, values, justice, and virtues
36. What did Erik Erikson mean that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task? (be sure to know Erikson's stages): a crisis that needs resolution
37. What is an identity?: our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
38. What is a social identity?: the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
39. According to Erikson, why do some adolescents forge their identity early?-
: by adapting their parents' value and expectations
40. Other adolescents may adopt an identity defined in opposition to parents but in conformity with:: a particular peer group
41. How does the relationship between adolescents and parents change as adolescents begin to find their own identities?: they can lead to real splits and great stress
42. Adolescence is typically a time of parental influence and
peer influence.: decreasing, increasing
43. Describe emerging adulthood.: for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent depen- dence and full independent and responsible adulthood
44. When do out physical abilities peak?: mid-twenties
45. During early and middle adulthood, physical vigor has less to do with age than with:: person's health and exercise habits
46. What are some changes in our sensory abilities as we get older?: visual sharpness diminishes, muscle strength, sense of smell, hearing
47. For those growing older, what is the bad and good news about health?: the immune system diminishes/weakens, the body builds antibodies
48. What underlies the symptoms of Alzheimer's?: A series of small strokes, a brain tumor, alcohol dependence
49. Nearly of people over the age of 40 say their memory is worse than it was 10 years ago (no kidding!).: 2/3
50. What type of memory remains strong as we get older?: prospective memory
51. What is the difference between a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study?
a. What did each study find out about intelligence and aging?: a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another, research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
a. the decrease in mental ability is with aging
52. What is crystallized intelligence and how does it change with age?: our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
53. What is fluid intelligence and how does it change with age?: our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
54. What is a social clock?: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
55. What did Erik Erikson say were two basic aspects that dominate adult- hood?: Love and work
56. How does facing death with dignity and unity help?: makes them feel mean- ingful and that they did good in life.
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