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Unit I. The Cell Exam Prep
- The Cell in Health and Illness
- Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes
- Genetic Basis of Disease
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Chapter 1: The Cell in Health and Illness
1. Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?
- The cell’s plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions.
- The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment.
- The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment.
4. Active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two potassium ions.
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions and more soluble to potassium ions.
2 This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment.
3 This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment.
4 This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in.
2. Which cellular function generates the same amount of energy in the absence of oxygen as it does in the presence of oxygen?
- Dissipation of pyruvic acid
- Initiation of the citric acid cycle
- Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A
4. Creation of acidosis via lactic acid
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid.
2 This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle.
3 This is incorrect. Acetyl-coenzyme is converted from pyruvic acid, not activated.
4 This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such as acidosis.
3. How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism?
- 2
- 3
- 34
- 53
Feedback
1 This is incorrect.2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are produced in anaerobic, not aerobic, energy metabolism.
2 This is incorrect. Three sodium ions are pumped out during active transport in the plasma membrane.
3 This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the maximum amount of energy for cellular function, yielding 34 ATPs.
4 This is incorrect. Aerobic energy metabolism produces 34 ATPs, not 53.
4. Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell’s energy needs?
- Ribosomes
2. Mitochondria - Ribonucleic acids
- Deoxyribonucleic acids
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical organelles of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid whose function is to manufacture various types of protein.
2 This is correct. Cell types’ number of mitochondria differs according to the cells’ energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells have fewer mitochondria.
3 This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is a component of ribosomes, not affected by the cell’s energy needs.
4 This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a genetic material in the cell nucleus that functions to regulate activity of the cell. Its numbers are not affected by the cell’s energy needs.
5. Which option best explains why more energy is produced when a person is exercising?
- Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein.
- There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells.
- The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise.
4. Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to exercise.
2 This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy.
3 This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is noxious to cells and does not create energy.
4 This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of mitochondria found in muscle cells.
6. When does ribosomal protein synthesis cease?
- During endoplasmic reticulum stress
- During the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- During severe hypoxia
- During the processing of prohormone
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during endoplasmic reticulum stress.
2 This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in energy metabolism. It does not interfere with protein synthesis.
3 This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, their ribosomal protein synthesis ceases.
4 This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not stop the process of protein synthesis.
7. Which cellular components are responsible for propelling mucus and inhaled debris out of the lungs?
- 1. Cilia
2. Microfilaments
3. Secretory vesicles
4. Endoplasmic reticula
Feedback
1 This is correct. The cilia are responsible for propelling the mucus and inhaled debris out of the lungs using a sweeping motion.
2 This is incorrect. Microfilaments help in changing the shape of certain cells, such as during macrophage movement and contraction of muscle.
3 This is incorrect. Secretory vesicles store substances, such as hormones, that are secreted by cells before they are released into the extracellular space.
4 This is incorrect. The endoplasmic reticulum aids in the transport of synthesized protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus.
8. What are the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells?
- 1. Actin and myosin
2. Prohormone and tubulin
3. Tubulin and actin
4. Myosin and prohormone
Feedback
1 This is correct. Actin and myosin are the key proteins in the contractile unit of the muscle cells.
2 This is incorrect. Prohormones are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be converted into complete hormones, and tubulin is associated with microtubule formation; neither are key elements in the contractile units of the muscle cells.
3 This is incorrect. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of tubulin. So tubulin is associated with microtubule formation, not the contractile units of the muscle cells.
4 This is incorrect. Prohormones are not one of the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells. They are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be converted into complete hormones.
9. Which deficiency causes Tay-Sachs disease?
- Proteasome
- Peroxisome
- Macrophage
4. Lysosomal enzymes
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. A deficiency of proteasome in the cell does not cause Tay-Sachs disease. Proteasome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes similar to lysosomes and degrades polypeptide chains and proteins.
2 This is incorrect. A deficiency of peroxisomes in the cell does not cause Tay-Sachs disease. Peroxisomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysosomes and break down the long-chain fatty acids and free radicals.
3 This is incorrect. A deficiency of macrophages in the body does not cause Tay-Sachs disease. Macrophages are the major defensive white blood cells of the body. They contain a large number of lysosomes.
4 This is correct. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, proteases, and lipases to degrade the ingested foreign substances and cellular debris. Tay-Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. It results from the buildup of lipids in the brain and spinal cord.
10. Which of the following is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy?
- Accumulation of ganglioside
- Cessation of ribosomal protein synthesis
- Acceleration of cellular proteasome activity
- Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system
Feedback
1 This is incorrect. The deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, as in Tay-Sachs disease, causes the accumulation of ganglioside in the central nervous system.
2 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of cellular proteins. In severe hypoxia, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases, resulting in decreased overall synthesis.
3 This is incorrect. Accelerated proteasome activity is associated with cachexia, or wasting of body mass. It is often seen in conditions such as cancer.
4 This is correct. Adrenoleukodystrophy is associated with dysfunction of the peroxisomes. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system. The disease causes the deterioration of the nervous system and eventually leads to death.
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Unit II. Integrated Body Processes Exam Prep
- Stress, Exercise, and Immobility
- Obesity and Nutritional Imbalances
- Pain
Unit III. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Exam Prep
- Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
- Acid-Base Imbalances
Unit IV. Infection and Inflammation Exam Prep
- Inflammation and Dysfunctional Wound Healing
- Infectious Diseases
- Immune System Disorders
Unit V. Hematologic Disorders Exam Prep
- White Blood Cell Disorders
- Red Blood Cell Disorders
- Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation Disorders
Unit VI. Cardiovascular Disorders Exam Prep
- Arterial Disorders
- Ischemic Heart Disease and Conduction Disorders
- Heart Failure
- Valvular Heart Disease
- Venous System Disorders
Unit VII. Pulmonary Disorders Exam Prep
- Respiratory Inflammation and Infection
- Restrictive and Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Unit VIII. Renal and Urological Disorders Exam Prep
- Renal Disorders
- Urological Disorders
Unit IX. Hormonal and Reproductive Disorders Exam Prep
- Endocrine Disorders
- Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome
- Female Reproductive System Disorders
- Male Reproductive System Disorders
- Sexually Transmitted Infections
Unit X. Gastrointestinal Disorders Exam Prep
- Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine Disorders
- Large Intestine Disorders
- Infection, Inflammation, and Cirrhosis of the Liver
- Gallbladder, Pancreatic, and Bile Duct Dysfunction
Unit XI. Neurological Disorders Exam Prep
- Cerebrovascular Disorders
- Chronic and Degenerative Neurological Disorders
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury
- Psychobiology of Behavioral Disorders
Unit XII. Musculoskeletal Disorders Exam Prep
- Musculoskeletal Trauma
- Degenerative Musculoskeletal System Disorders
- Infection and Inflammatory Musculoskeletal Disorders
Unit XIII. Cancer Exam Prep
- Cancer
XIV. Integumentary Disorders Exam Prep
- Skin Disorders
- Burns
Unit XV. Sensory Disorders Exam Prep
- Eye Disorders
- Ear Disorders
Unit XVI. Aging and Multisystem Disorders Exam Prep
- Pathophysiological Changes of Aging
- SIRS, Sepsis, Shock, MODS, and Death
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