WGU C785 Biochemistry Final Exam Study Guide 2023

1. What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like?: amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group

2. How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hy- drophobic, polar, and charged?: Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge

3. what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make?-

: ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged

4. What are the 4 levels of protein structure?: Primary - linear structure, Sec- ondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary -

3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit

5. What enviormental change breaks each type of bond?: hydrophobic - temper- ature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents

6. what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration?: hydropho- bic bonds

7. how do environmental changes affect protein folding?: Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding

8. how do mutations affect protein structure?: Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.

9. What is an electron?: Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding

10. What is energy:: Power derived fro chemical interaction

11. what are covalent bonds?: chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons

12. what is an ionic bond?: bond between positive and negative

13. what is a hydrogen bond?: weak bond between positive and negative

14. with an amino?: piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3

15. what is a carboyxl?: piece of amino acid, COO or COOH

16. What is hydrophobic?: Doesn't like water, end with CH

17. what is hydrophilic?: Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH

18. what is disulfide bond?: strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's.

19. what are zwitterions?: amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero

20. what is a polypeptide: polymer of amino acids

21. What is dehydration synthesis?: Process of forming peptide bonds

22. what is hydrolysis?: adding water to destroy bonds

23. what is an alpha helix?: twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds

24. what is a beta sheet?: folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds

25. what is denaturation?: loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds;

occurs via extreme salt, temp, pH

26. what is aggregation?: clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's

27. how do enzymes catalyze reactions?: bind with substrates to decrease acti- vation energy required and decrease reaction rate

28. how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy?: decrease activation energy and decrease reaction rate

29. what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle?: enzyme recognizes substrate, substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-prod- uct complex formed; product is released, enzyme recycled