Test Bank For Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition 10e By Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau, Lori Ann B. Forzano, James E. Witnauer

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Test Bank For Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition 10e By Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau, Lori Ann B. Forzano, James E. Witnauer

Sample Exam Questions for Essentials of Statistics

1. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the television-viewing habits of 100 American adolescents. The researcher plans to make an inference about the television-viewing habits of all American adolescents based on the results of the survey. The entire group of American adolescents is an example of a .

a. sample.

b. statistic.

c. population.

d. parameter. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

2. A researcher uses an anonymous survey to investigate the social media habits of American college students. Based on the set of 300 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that students spend an average of 2 hours each day using social media. The set of 300 students who returned surveys is an example of a .

a. parameter.

b. statistic.

c. population.

d. sample. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

3. In order for a researcher to obtain a random sample, they need to specifically do which of the following things?

a. rule out confounding variables

b. ensure that each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

c. make certain that results are valid

d. make sure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition

ANSWER: b

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

4. In contrast to a datum, which of the following descriptions is most consistent with the concept of data?

a. the mean average of 15 participants’ individual scores on a problem-solving task b. the percentile that the score of 1 participant on a problem-solving task falls into c. the individual scores of 15 participants on a problem-solving task

d. the individual score of 1 participant on a problem-solving task

ANSWER: c

DIFFICULTY: Analyze

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

5. A researcher is curious about the average monthly car insurance bill for high school students in the state of Florida. If this average could be obtained, it would be an example of a S .

a. parameter.

b. statistic.

c. population.

d. sample. ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

6. Which statement below regarding populations is true?

a. Populations typically are small in size.

b. Populations cannot consist of non-human animal research subjects.

c. The experimental research method should be used to examine populations.

d. It usually is challenging to obtain data from every person in a population.

ANSWER: d

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

7. The relationship between a statistic and a sample is the same as the relationship between .

a. a sample and a population.

b. a statistic and a parameter.

c. a parameter and a population.

d. descriptive and inferential statistics.

ANSWER: c

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

8. Organizing a set of scores in a table or computing an average to summarize a data set is an example of using .

a. parameters.

b. random sampling.

c. descriptive statistics.

d. inferential statistics. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Remember

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

9. A characteristic, usually a numerical value, which describes a sample is called a .

a. parameter.

b. statistic. c. variable. d. constant.

ANSWER: b

DIFFICULTY: Remember

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

10. A researcher is interested in average first semester change in weight (gain or loss) for students at a local college. Thus, they record the individual change in weight for a small group of 25 freshman from this college during their first semester. Then, the researcher calculates the average change in weight during the first semester among these 25 students. The average is an example of a .

a. statistic.

b. parameter.

c. variable. d. constant. ANSWER: a

DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

11. The average verbal SAT score for the entire class of incoming college freshmen in the United States is 530. However, if a sample of 20 incoming college freshmen is randomly selected from the United States, it is likely that this sample’s average verbal SAT score will not be exactly 530. This is consistent with the concept of .

a. statistical error. b. inferential error. c. sampling error.

d. descriptive error. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

12. Random assignment helps to strengthen causal inferences within an experiment by ruling out potential confounding variables otherwise introduced to an experiment due to individual differences in participants.

a. True b. False

ANSWER: True

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

13. A recent study reported that students who just finished playing a prosocial video game were more likely to help others than students who had just finishing playing a neutral or antisocial game. For this study, the kind of game given to the students was the S .

a. control group.

b. quasi-independent variable.

c. independent variable.

d. dependent variable. ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

14. Which of the following statements is consistent with a research study conducted with the correlational method?

a. One variable is measured, and two groups are compared.

b. Two variables are measured, and two groups are compared.

c. One variable is measured, and there is only one group of participants.

d. Two variables are measured, and there is only one group of participants.

ANSWER: d

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

15. For a research study examining how participant gender influences support for equality in society, participant gender is an example of which kind of variable?

a. quasi-independent variable

b. dependent variable

c. quasi-dependent variable

d. dependent variable ANSWER: a DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

16. For an experiment comparing the effectiveness of two different teaching methods for improving the social skills of autistic children, the dependent variable would be the .

a. experimental methodology.

b. autistic children.

c. teaching methods used to teach social skills.

d. levels of improvement in social skills among autistic children.

ANSWER: d

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

17. The number of absences for each student within a psychology class is an example of a variable.

a. nominal

b. discrete

c. continuous

d. dependent ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

18. The amount of time that it takes a person to solve a problem is an example of a(n) variable.

a. independent

b. nominal

c. continuous

d. discrete ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

19. If it is impossible to divide the existing categories of a variable, then it is an example of a(n) variable.

a. interval b. ordinal c. discrete

d. continuous ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

20. Which kind of variable requires the use of real limits?

a. ordinal b. interval c. discrete

d. continuous ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Remember

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

21. A doctor is measuring children’s heights to the nearest inch and obtains scores such as 40, 41, 42, and so on. What are the real limits for a score of X = 42?

a. 41 and 43

b. 41.5 and 42.5

c. 41.75 and 42.25

d. 41.25 and 42.75

ANSWER: b

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

22. Students in an introductory art class are classified as art majors and non-art majors. Which scale of measurement is being used to classify the students?

a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

ANSWER: a

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

23. The participants in a research study self-report their sleep quality levels by choosing the response option that best characterizes their average sleep quality per night from the following response options: 1 = extremely low sleep quality, 2

= very low sleep quality, 3 = low sleep quality, 4 = extremely high sleep quality. Which measurement scale is being used to classify sleep quality?

a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

ANSWER: b

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

24. Barbara is a psychologist who measures relationship satisfaction among couples by observing non-verbal behavior

(e.g., smiling, mimicking partner actions). In this example, non-verbal behavior is an example of a(n) S .

a. discrete variable.

b. operational definition.

c. construct.

d. real limits. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

25. Martha conducts a research study in which she measures how long participants spend trying to solve an impossible problem-solving task before giving up as a measure of perseverance. In this example, perseverance is an example of a(n)

a. operational definition.

b. independent variable.

c. dependent variable.

d. construct. ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

26. What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an ordinal scale compared to a nominal scale?

a. whether the measurements are the same or different

b. the direction of the difference

c. the size of the difference

d. whether the measurements are valid

ANSWER: b

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

27. What additional information is obtained by measuring two individuals on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?

a. whether the measurements are the same or different

b. the direction of the difference

c. the size of the difference

d. whether the measurements are reliable

ANSWER: c

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

28. What scale of measurement is being used when a researcher measures the amount of car accidents that participants have been involved in during their lifetime?

a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

ANSWER: d

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

29. After assessing two individuals’ intelligence levels using a questionnaire, a researcher can conclude that Tom’s intelligence score is 4 points higher than Bill’s. The observations that serve as the basis for this conclusion must come from a(n) .

a. construct.

b. discrete variable.

c. ordinal scale of measurement.

d. interval scale of measurement.

ANSWER: d

DIFFICULTY: Apply

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

30. Sam is a researcher measuring individuals’ attitudes toward police officers. Individuals respond to a survey question that asks them to choose the number (0-4) that best characterizes their attitudes toward police officers using the provided response options: 0 = Extremely negative attitude, 1 = Negative attitude, 2 = Neutral attitude, 3 = Positive attitude, 4 = Extremely positive attitude. In this example, attitudes toward police officers are being measured using a(n) scale of measurement.

a. ordinal b. nominal c. interval d. ratio

ANSWER: c

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

31. The main distinction between an interval and ratio scale of measurement is that .

a. a score of 0 on a ratio scale does not represent the complete absence of that variable.

b. a ratio scale does not allow for comparisons between two scores regarding whether one score is higher or lower than the other.

c. a score of 0 on a ratio scale represents the complete absence of that variable.

d. a ratio scale does not allow for comparisons between two scores regarding differences in size.

ANSWER: c

DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.2 Variables and Measurement

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

32. Consider the mathematical expressions of (ΣX)2 and ΣX2. A valid generalization is that .

a. in both equations summing will be the last operation performed.

b. in both equations squaring will be the last operation performed. c. the first equation typically will yield a higher computed value. d. the first equation typically will yield a lower computed value.

ANSWER: c DIFFICULTY: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

33. Keith conducts a research study to examine how mental fatigue influences frustration levels. He has one group of participants complete a mentally exhausting problem-solving task for ten minutes, and a second group of participants complete an easy crossword puzzle for ten minutes. Then, he observes participant reactions to being prevented from achieving a desired goal on a second unrelated task as a measure of frustration levels. In this research study, the experimental condition is .

a. the group of participants who complete the easy crossword puzzle.

b. the group of participants who complete the mentally exhausting problem-solving task.

c. frustration levels.

d. task type. ANSWER: b DIFFICULTY: Understand

REFERENCES: 1.3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

34. The mathematical expression of ΣX – 2 differs from the mathematical expression of Σ(X – 2) in each of the following ways except for which?

a. The first step to solving each expression is different.

b. The final step to solving each expression is different.

c. Original scores are added together in one expression but not the other.

d. Squaring takes place in one equation but not the other.

ANSWER: d DIFFICULTY: Analyze REFERENCES: 1.4 Statistical Notation KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze

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