NUR 631 FINAL, PRACTICE EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE 350 WELL ELABORATEED DETAILED ANSWERS|RATED A+

NUR 631 FINAL, PRACTICE EXAM AND STUDY GUIDE 350 WELL ELABORATEED DETAILED ANSWERS|RATED A+ What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? a. Consolidation b. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis d. Bronchiolar plugging - ANSWER-c. Atelectasis EXPLANATION The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of the other options are considered a primary problem associated with RDS. page 1301 What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)? a. Deficit of interleukin(IL)-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α) b. Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8 and TNF α d. Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL- 24 & colony-stimulating factor (CSF) - ANSWER-c. Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1 , IL-8 and TNF α EXPLANATION Abnormal cytokine profiles have been documented in CF airway fluids, including deficient IL-10 and excessive IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α, all changes conducive to promoting inflammation. pages 1311-12 Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells? a. Lying on their left side b. Performing the valsalva maneuver c. Squatting d. hyperventilating - ANSWER-c. Squatting EXPLANATION squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by older children to alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants increase systemic resistance while decreasing venous return to the heart from the inferior vena cava. The other options would not result in these changes. pg 1209 An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would likely exhibit which symptom? a. Intermittent murmur b. Lack of symptoms c. Need for surgical repair d. Triad of congenital defects - ANSWER-b. Lack of symptoms EXPLANATION Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page 1203-1204 Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition? a. Pleural effusion b. Atelectasis c. Bronchiectasis d. Ischemia - ANSWER-a. Pleural Effusion EXPLANATION Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. page1254 Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment of silicosis? a. Corticosteroids b. Antiboitics c. Bronchodilators d. Expectorants - ANSWER-a. Corticosteroids EXPLANATION No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although corticosteroids may produce some improvement in the early, more acute stages. page 1259 The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation? a. 16 and 24 b. 20 and 24 c. 24 and 30 d. 30 and 36 - ANSWER-d. 30 and 36 EXPLANATION Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36 weeks. The other options are not true regarding the timeframe when the risk for RDS decreases. page 1292 What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? a. Low birth weight b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc c. Premature birth d. Smoking during pregnancy - ANSWER-a. Premature birth EXPLANATION RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns. page 1301 What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn? a. Immature immune system b. Small alveoli c. Surfactant deficiency d. Anemia - ANSWER-c. Surfactant deficiency EXPLANATIN RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. page 1301