Myers Psychology for AP 1st Edition by David G Myers Test Bank

Myers Psychology for AP 1st Edition by David G Myers Test Bank Chapter 2 113 The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to • dismiss the value of replication. Incorrect • reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. Incorrect • exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events. (True Answer )Correct • assume that correlation proves causation. Incorrect • overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions. Incorrect 114 Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of • overconfidence. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • the hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • random sampling. Incorrect • the double-blind procedure. Incorrect 115 Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of • overconfidence. Incorrect • replication. Incorrect • the hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • the double-blind procedure. Incorrect • the placebo effect. Incorrect 116 The hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings as • invalid. Incorrect • unpredictable. Incorrect • inexplicable. Incorrect • unreplicable. Incorrect • unsurprising. (True Answer )Correct 117 Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that the esteem- enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power of • random sampling. Incorrect • overconfidence. Incorrect • the hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • illusory correlation. Incorrect • the double-blind procedure. Incorrect 118 According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustrates • the hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • illusory correlation. Incorrect • overconfidence. Incorrect • an illusion of control. Incorrect • random sampling. Incorrect 119 Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as • random sampling. Incorrect • the hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • overconfidence. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect 120 The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by • the hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • correlational evidence. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect • operational definitions. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. Incorrect 121 When we see certain outcomes as obvious based on what has occurred, we may be experiencing • empiricism. Incorrect • critical thinking. Incorrect • hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct • overconfidence. Incorrect • humility. Incorrect 122 Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates • naturalistic observation. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct • the standard deviation. Incorrect • placebo. Incorrect 123 When provided with the unscrambled solution to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams by themselves. This best illustrates • illusory correlation. Incorrect • hindsight bias. Incorrect • the placebo effect. Incorrect • wording effects. Incorrect • overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct 124 Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Glenda's experience best illustrates • overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • the placebo effect. Incorrect • negative correlation. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect 125 Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking? • operational definitions Incorrect • overconfidence (True Answer )Correct • random assignment Incorrect • naturalistic observation Incorrect • the double-blind procedure Incorrect 126 Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, in order to further her career, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect • the empirical approach. Incorrect • overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct 127 Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate • illusory correlation. Incorrect • random sampling. Incorrect • overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct • the placebo effect. Incorrect • operational definition. Incorrect 128 Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks, such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha's driving appears to be affected by • hindsight bias. Incorrect • overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct • intuition. Incorrect • illusory correlations. Incorrect • empiricism. Incorrect 129 Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following? • hindsight bias Incorrect • confirmation bias Incorrect • empirical approach (True Answer )Correct • overconfidence Incorrect • operational definition Incorrect 130 Which of the following questions most likely could be answered using an empirical approach? • Is human nature basically good or evil? Incorrect • What causes aggression? (True Answer )Correct • What happens after we die? Incorrect • How will style choices change in the future? Incorrect • What is the basis of faith? Incorrect 131 What is the advantage of researchers using an empirical approach in evaluating the accuracy of eyewitness testimony? • Researchers would experience greater overconfidence in their findings. Incorrect • Such an approach allows researchers to set aside their critical thinking and explore their intuition. Incorrect • Under controlled conditions, researchers collect evidence that may justify a cause-effect conclusion. (True Answer )Correct • The empirical approach fosters conditions necessary for hindsight bias to occur. Incorrect • Researchers may greatly overestimate eyewitness recollections when using the empirical approach. Incorrect 132 Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely document the obvious. His best strategy would be to ask the students to • describe how experimental hypotheses were derived from basic psychological principles. Incorrect • predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results. (True Answer )Correct • explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results. Incorrect • personally engage in naturalistic observation. Incorrect • survey students living on campus Incorrect 133 Historians of science describe which three attitudes as the basis of the scientific viewpoint? • intelligence, dedication, thoroughness Incorrect • morality, detail-orientation, cynicism Incorrect • achievement-oriented, intellectual, empirical Incorrect • curiosity, skepticism, humility (True Answer )Correct • atheism, humanism, cognition Incorrect 134 Which two questions exemplify the scientific attitude? • What do you mean? How do you know? (True Answer )Correct • Who believes you? What are their qualifications? Incorrect • How common is this answer? How many people agree? Incorrect • Is this an established truth? How long has it been considered fact? Incorrect • Which truths does this agree with? Which truths does it contradict? Incorrect 135 A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates • hypotheses. Incorrect • critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • overconfidence. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect 136 When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are applying • overconfidence. Incorrect • the placebo effect. Incorrect • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect • critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct 137 Critical thinkers can best be described as • questioning. (True Answer )Correct • cynical. Incorrect • overconfident. Incorrect • pessimistic. Incorrect • impatient. Incorrect 138 To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is to engage in • naturalistic observation. Incorrect • critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct • generating hypotheses. Incorrect • creating operational definitions. Incorrect • experimentation. Incorrect 139 Examining correlational evidence to determine what further research would be needed to establish a causal relationship is an example of thinking? • correlational Incorrect • experimental Incorrect • naturalistic Incorrect • critical (True Answer )Correct • hindsight Incorrect 140 The news media reported that a new pesticide was not harmful to humans. Which of the following statements best exemplifies critical thinking in response to this report? • “I think I will try this pesticide on my own garden to kill pests.” Incorrect • “I don't like to use pesticides, but this one is safe.” Incorrect • “I think I'll use this product, but I think I'll wear gloves.” Incorrect • “I wonder who funded this study?” (True Answer )Correct • “I don't believe this study because I got a rash after using this poison on my garden.” Incorrect 141 According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of • naturalistic observation. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • hindsight bias. Incorrect • replication. Incorrect • a theory. (True Answer )Correct 142 What do scientists call an explanation that organizes observations and predicts future behaviors or events? • hypothesis Incorrect • theory (True Answer )Correct • critical thinking Incorrect • operational definition Incorrect • replication Incorrect 143 Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n) • theory. (True Answer )Correct • replication. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • hindsight bias. Incorrect 144 A hypothesis is a(n) • observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables. Incorrect • testable prediction that gives direction to research. (True Answer )Correct • set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts. Incorrect • unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning. Incorrect • statement of procedures used to define research variables. Incorrect 145 Hypotheses are best described as • assumptions. Incorrect • replications. Incorrect • explanations. Incorrect • confirmations. Incorrect • predictions. (True Answer )Correct 146 Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • the placebo effect. Incorrect • a hypothesis. (True Answer )Correct • illusory correlation. Incorrect • an operational definition. Incorrect 147 Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example, • Dr. Roberts has found a cause-effect relationship. Incorrect • Dr. Roberts has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades. Incorrect • the independent variable is the measurement of course grades. Incorrect • classroom size has been operationally defined. (True Answer )Correct • Dr. Roberts has demonstrated the importance of random sampling. Incorrect 148 A specification of how a researcher measures a research variable is known as a(n) • standard deviation. Incorrect • control condition. Incorrect • replication. Incorrect • operational definition. (True Answer )Correct • observation. Incorrect 149 An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates • the independent variable. Incorrect • an operational definition. (True Answer )Correct • the double-blind procedure. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect • the dependent variable. Incorrect 150 The process of replication is most likely to be facilitated by • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • overconfidence. Incorrect • illusory correlation. Incorrect • operational definitions. (True Answer )Correct • the placebo effect. Incorrect 151 Replication involves • the selection of random samples. Incorrect • perceiving order in random events. Incorrect • repeating an earlier research study. (True Answer )Correct • rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested. Incorrect • overestimating the extent to which others share our views. Incorrect 152 Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances? • replication (True Answer )Correct • correlational research Incorrect • random sampling Incorrect • naturalistic observation Incorrect • the double-blind procedure Incorrect 153 The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable • assumptions. Incorrect • correlations. Incorrect • predictions. (True Answer )Correct • variables. Incorrect • hypotheses. Incorrect 154 Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings? • naturalistic observation Incorrect • replication (True Answer )Correct • random sampling Incorrect • the case study Incorrect • standard deviation Incorrect 155 Why is replication important to science? • It allows you to obtain a representative sample of cases to study. Incorrect • The natural setting eliminates the artificial environment of a lab. Incorrect • Repeated research with similar results increases confidence in the reliability of the original findings. (True Answer )Correct • Researchers can test the impact of belief on behavior. Incorrect • Minimizing preexisting differences between groups increases confidence in the findings. Incorrect 156 To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used? • the survey Incorrect • the case study (True Answer )Correct • experimentation Incorrect • naturalistic observation Incorrect • correlation Incorrect 157 Which research method is typically used to examine one participant in depth, usually because the individual's situation/behavior is rare or unusual? • survey Incorrect • correlation Incorrect • experiment Incorrect • case study (True Answer )Correct • scientific method Incorrect 158 Which of the following researchers used the case study method, carefully observing one exceptional individual in depth to reach conclusions that might be true of all of us? • Jean Piaget (True Answer )Correct • James Randi Incorrect • Jane Goodall Incorrect • William James Incorrect • John B. Watson Incorrect 159 In 1953, H.M. underwent surgery to control his seizures. Doctors removed tissue from the hippocampus. As a result H.M.'s memory was severely impaired. Psychologists studied H.M.'s memory function until his death in 2008. Which research method did the psychologists utilize in this situation? • naturalistic observation Incorrect • correlation Incorrect • survey Incorrect • experimentation Incorrect • case study (True Answer )Correct 160 In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used? • experimentation Incorrect • correlation Incorrect • case study (True Answer )Correct • naturalistic observation Incorrect • survey Incorrect 161 The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it • is based on naturalistic observation. Incorrect • may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. (True Answer )Correct • overestimates the importance of operational definitions. Incorrect • leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events. Incorrect • relies mostly on correlational rather than causational evidence. Incorrect 162 In which research method do we study one exceptional individual in depth and try to carefully draw conclusions about others based on the evidence? • naturalistic observation Incorrect • experimentation Incorrect • hindsight bias Incorrect • case study (True Answer )Correct • random sampling Incorrect 163 What is the primary limitation of the case study research method? • It is not an empirical method. Incorrect • The case study is not part of the scientific method. Incorrect • Random sampling must be used to ensure representative findings. Incorrect • Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations. (True Answer )Correct • Correlational findings from case studies cannot be interpreted as causal. Incorrect 164 A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method? • survey (True Answer )Correct • correlation Incorrect • experiment Incorrect • case study Incorrect • naturalistic observation Incorrect 165 A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These divergent findings best illustrate the importance of • operational definition. Incorrect • the hindsight bias. Incorrect • overconfidence. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect • wording effects. (True Answer )Correct 166 Surveys indicate that people are much less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey results best illustrate the importance of • random sampling. Incorrect • wording effects. (True Answer )Correct • the placebo effect. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. Incorrect • hindsight bias. Incorrect 167 Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion? • the survey (True Answer )Correct • naturalistic observation Incorrect • the case study Incorrect • experimentation Incorrect • random assignment Incorrect 168 The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n) • control condition. Incorrect • population. (True Answer )Correct • case study. Incorrect • independent variable. Incorrect • survey. Incorrect 169 In order to learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) • independent variable. Incorrect • representative sample. Incorrect • control. Incorrect • dependent variable. Incorrect • population. (True Answer )Correct 170 Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? • random assignment Incorrect • replication Incorrect • correlation Incorrect • naturalistic observation Incorrect • random sampling (True Answer )Correct 171 To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n) • population. (True Answer )Correct • representative sample. Incorrect • independent variable. Incorrect • control condition. Incorrect • dependent variable. Incorrect 172 To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of • random assignment. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. Incorrect • replication. Incorrect • correlation. Incorrect • random sampling. (True Answer )Correct 173 After noting that a majority of professional basketball players are African-American, Ervin concluded that African- Americans are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's conclusion best illustrates the danger of • replication. Incorrect • hindsight bias. Incorrect • the placebo effect. Incorrect • generalizing from vivid cases. (True Answer )Correct • randomly assigning variables. Incorrect 174 Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations? • the case study Incorrect • naturalistic observation Incorrect • random sampling (True Answer )Correct • operational definitions Incorrect • standard deviations. Incorrect 175 Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as • the survey. Incorrect • experimentation. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct • the case study. Incorrect • random sampling. Incorrect 176 To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of • survey research. Incorrect • the double-blind procedure. Incorrect • random assignment. Incorrect • experimental methods. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct 177 To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ? • naturalistic observation (True Answer )Correct • replication Incorrect • the survey Incorrect • the case study Incorrect • experimentation Incorrect 178 Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms in order to track the development of their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in • survey research. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct • experimentation. Incorrect • replication. Incorrect • correlation. Incorrect 179 To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request. This best illustrates the use of a research method known as • the case study. Incorrect • naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct • random assignment. Incorrect • the double-blind procedure. Incorrect • the survey. Incorrect 180 Correlational research is most useful for purposes of • explanation. Incorrect • prediction. (True Answer )Correct • control. Incorrect • replication. Incorrect • experimentation. Incorrect 181 A correlation coefficient is a measure of the • difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. Incorrect • average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean. Incorrect • direction and strength of the relationship between two variables. (True Answer )Correct • statistical significance of a difference between two sample means. Incorrect • frequency of scores at each level of some measure. Incorrect