BIOS 242 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

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BIOS 242 Week 8 Final Exam Study Guide

FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE

INSTRUCTIONS:

It’s time to show your skills and knowledge of what you have learned!

This Final Exam contributes 230 points to your overall grade, so please do your best.

• There are 60 multiple choice questions worth 3 points each (180 total points).

• There are 5 Fill in the blanks question worth 3 points each (15 total points).

• There are 5 “Select all that apply” question worth 3 points each (15 total points).

• There is 1 matching question worth 5 points (5 total points).

• There is 1 essay question worth 5 points (5 total points).

• There is 1 essay questions worth 10 points (10 total points).

TCO 1: Given a list of Koch's postulates, analyze how early microbiologists proposed hypotheses and performed experiments to determine the causes of various diseases. Describe the contributions of Leeuwenhoek and Koch to the field of microbiology.

	Antotoi van Leewenhoek Father of the microscope and discovered protozoa and

bacteria

	Koch studied diseases causes, simple staining techniques, estimating CFU/ml, Use of

Petri dishes, transfer of bacteria, photomicrograph bacteria

Describe the six different categories in which the organisms described by Leeuwenhoek were grouped.

1.	Bacteria can cause disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, some lack cell walls some cell walls

contain peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually (E. coli, L. spp, S. spp)

2.	Archaea-Never causes disease, prokaryotes, lack nuclei, cell wall composed of polymers

instead of peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually

3.	Fungi- can cause disease (Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, have cell wall, reproduce asexually

by budding. (ex. Beer S. cereviae, yeast infection C. albicans)

4.	Protozoa- cause disease (Eukaryotes) single celled, similar to animals nutrients needs

and cellular structure, live freely in water (ex. G. limblia, Plasmodium and malaria).

(capable of movement: pseudopodia, cilia, flagella)

5.	Algae- No disease (Eukaryotes) unicellular, photosynthetic, simple reproductive

structures (ex. Alger plates Jello)

6.	Small multicellular animals- worms, ticks, mosquitoes (Eukaryotes) can cause disease
7.	Virus (could not observe)

TCO 2 – Given pictures of a variety of microorganisms including fungi, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses, classify each as prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular and compare and contrast their structure and function.

• Describe cellular macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and the roles they play in cellular structures (Ch. 2)

1.	Carbohydrates-energy source storage and structure
2.	Proteins- are the cells structure composed of amino acids and peptide bonds involved in

the transportation of substances

3.	Lipids –(fats, phospholipids, waxes) hydrophobic, provides energy and insulation
4.	Nucleic acids- DNA (required for photosynthesis) and RNA (carries the information to

the cite of protein production)

• Compare and contrast molecular components of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea), eukaryotes, and viruses as well as the environmental conditions these can be found in

1.	Prokaryotes Bacteria

Internal structure – Endospores, Nucleoid, and Ribosomes (refer to unit 1 worksheet)

External structures- Flagella, Fimbriae (sticky, short biofilms) , Pili (transfer DNA), and

Cell walls (protection, cell to cell attachment, give cells shape, gram+, gram -)

(refer to unit 1 worksheet)

2.	Archaea- have cell walls but lack peptidoglycan (uses PPG), have cytoplasmic

membranes, reproduce by; binary fusion, budding, or fragmentation. Extremophiles (pH, temputure, and, salt).

			No nucleus
		
			Smaller then eukaryotes
			Diverse
		
3.	Eukaryotes-Of the Eukaryotes fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa contain cell walls.
			Internally contains nucleus (house DNA and direct the synthesis of proteins )
		

and membrane bound organelles(Golgi body which play a role in lipid synthesis and transport, mitochondria; has two bilayer membranes and where most ATP is produced , chloroplasts; which uses light energy to produce ATP)

	The structure is more complex
	The structure is more complex
	Contains a plasma membrane (composed of a bilayer of phospholipid bilayer),

cytoplasm, and ribosomes (larger then in prokaryotes)

	contain glycocalyces which strengthens the cells surface, protects it from

dehydration, and helps with anchoring animal’s cells to each other.

	Cell wall-contains different types of polysaccharides; Cellulose

• A Classify and describe the general characteristics of prokaryotes.

• Cellular shapes (morphology)

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