BIOD 171 Final Exam Quiz

BIOD 171 Final Exam Quiz 1. True/False. A virus is considered a microorganism.: False (Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes mi- croorganisms and viruses.) 2. What is the smallest biological unit of life?: A cell 3. What are the four main types of macromolecules found in cells?: Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates 4. How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make proteins?: 20 5. Define an essential amino acid.: An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food. 6. What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?: There are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucle- ic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. 7. Complete the following DNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for each complementary pair: 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CC AGC 3': 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CCAGTAGC 3' There are 2 bonds formed between A and T, and 3 bonds between G and C. 8. The plasma membrane (select all that are true): A. Only restricts movement of materials into the cell B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids C. Cannot prevent essential nutrients from escaping D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward: B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward 9. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms come together to form what primary macromolecule? Give an example.: Carbohydrates. Any sugar is acceptable: Glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, etc. Also options: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, or chitin 10. True or False: Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.: False (Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not)). 11. True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea.: True 12. True or False: Archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, is capable of surviving harsh environments.: False (Archaea are prokaryotic bacteria capable of surviving harsh environments). 13. Which of the following microorganisms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all that apply. A. Animalia B. Plantae C. Fungi D. Protista: All of the above (Animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista) 14. Microorganisms classified as obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy.: Plantae 15. A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also contain chitin? Select all that apply. A. Mushrooms B. Bacteria C. Yeast D. Molds: Mushrooms, yeast, and molds 16. True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers.: True 17. The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes: Waste disposal via hydrolytic en- zymes (Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles capable of degrading unwanted cellular debris). 18. Identify the following cellular components by matching the number with the description.: 1. Nucleus 2. Lysosome 3. Plasma membrane 4. Golgi apparatus 5. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum 19. The combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane is re- ferred to as the (select all that apply): A. Cell wall B. Capsid C. Cell envelope D. Outer leaflet: Cell envelope The cell wall is also know as the 'outer membrane' and does not apply. A capsid is relative to a virus. The outer leaflet is only a partial description of the cell membrane. 20. The function of the Golgi is (select all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes: Protein modification and distribution (Within the Golgi complex, proteins are modified and then distributed throughout the cell). 21. True of False. All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are heterotrophic.: True 22. True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organ- isms in order to maintain life.: False (Metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just those that move). 23. True or False: Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to conserve ener- gy.: False (Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions). 24. What is the term for metal ions that assist enzymes during the catalysis reaction?: Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzymes during the catal- ysis reactions. 25. Define anabolism.: Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes. 26. In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active?: Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the break- down, or catabolism of protein. 27. Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP.: ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be dephosphorylated (ATP ö ADP + Pi), while ADP can be phosphorylated into ATP (ADP + Pi ö ATP). 28. From what source do chemotrophs acquire energy?: Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment. 29. An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemen- tal sulfur would be classified as a ?: Lithotroph