BEST REVIEW Pharmacology NURS 251 Module Exam 7 portage learning 2023, 2024 With Verified Answers

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QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

List the two most common causes of Peptic ulcers. 1. Helicobacter Pylori (H.Pylori) 2. Long term use of NSAIDs. Describe the pathophysiology of GERD. The lower esophageal sphincter loosens and gastric acid is able to back up into the esophagusMore What are the components of the quadruple therapy when referring to H. Pylori treatment regimen? two antibiotics, bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and a PPI. Explain the mechanism of action of the acid controlling drugs H2RA competitively inhibit the interaction of histamine with H2 receptors within the GI mucosa. This blockade significantly reduces the secretion of acid and pepsin from the stomach. Explain the mechanism of action of the acid controlling drugs, PPIs PPIs work by inhibiting this exchange of hydrogen and potassium via the ATPase therefore preventing the formation of acid. List the various classes of antidiarrheals. (1) adsorbents, (2) antimotility (anticholinergic and opiates), and (3) probiotics. Define IBS. IBS (irritable Bowel Syndrome) a functional disorder of the colon with abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, diarrhea and/or constipation. Describe the general treatment approach for IBS. Avoiding irritating foods and/or taking OTC laxatives and antidiarrheals. Besides self-treatment with OTC medications, there are two prescription medications indicated specifically for IBS. (1) alosetron, (2) linaclotide. It is important to note that these medications should be reserved for patients where conventional therapy has failed. These are not to be used first line. Primary digestive enzyme in the stomach Pepsin Responsible for catabolism of proteins into polypeptides three major stimulators that affect the release of gastric juices Acetylcholine (ACh), gastrin, and histamine. Acetylcholine (ACh) Ingestion of food stimulate ACh to bind to its receptors on chief, G-cells, ECL cells, and parietal cells Stimulates release of pepsin, gastrin, histamine and HCl Pepsin Chief cells Gastrin G cells Gastrin binds to target receptors on ECL and parietal cells, stimulating release of more histamine and HCl Histamine Enterochromaffin like (ECL) cells Binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells -> increase HCl HCl Parietal cells Peptic ulcers Open sores in the mucous membranes of mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum Patho: Majority caused by H.pylori Inflammatory response to bacteria Increase in stomach acid secretions Long term NSAID use Block prostaglandins, which inhibit gastric acid secretion S/s of peptic ulcer Pain - Dull, gnawing, burning If stomach

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