Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument 1. Fat cells are located in the: a. epidermis. b. dermis. c. hypodermis. d. fascia beneath the skin. ANS: C The hypodermis, also referred to as the subcutaneous layer, is an underlying layer of connective tissue that contains macrophages, fibroblasts, and fat cells. Fat cells are not found in the epidermis, the dermis, or the fascia REF: p. 1053 2. Of the sweat glands, the glands are most abundant in the axillae and genital areas. a. eccrine b. apocrine c. sebaceous d. subcutaneous ANS: B The apocrine sweat glands are located in the axillae, scalp, face, abdomen, and genital areas. The eccrine sweat glands areNdUistRriSbuIteNdGoTveBr.thCeOboMdy, with the greatest numbers in the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and forehead. Neither sebaceous nor subcutaneous glands are located in the axillae and genital areas. REF: p. 1053 3. To promote efficient wound healing, which dressing should be applied to a superficial ulcer? a. Thick and dry b. Flat and moist c. Bulky and dry d. None ANS: B Superficial ulcers should be covered with flat, moisture-retaining dressings. Superficial ulcers should not be covered with dressings that are dry and thick (bulky). Dressings should not be avoided. REF: p. 1060 4. Individuals of which descent are more prone to developing keloids? a. Black b. Northern European c. Asian d. Native American ANS: A Blacks are at greater risk for the development of keloids. Neither Northern Europeans, Asians, nor Native Americans are at great risk for the development of keloids. REF: p. 1060 5. A wound scar that is sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, and progressively enlarging is a result of excessive amounts of accumulated during connective tissue repair. a. elastin b. collagen c. keratin d. calcification ANS: B Irregular scar formation is due to excessive fibroblast activity and collagen formation. Irregular scar formation is not due to excessive elastin, keratin, or calcification. REF: p. 1060 6. An increase in is associated with pruritus. a. substance P b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. acetylcholine ANS: D Acetylcholine, not substance P, is one of the itch mediators. Neither norepinephrine nor dopamine is considered an itcNhUmReSdiIatNorG. TB.COM REF: p. 1060 7. Which cells are involved in initiating immune responses in the skin? a. Langerhans cells b. Merkel cells c. Keratinocytes d. Melanocyte ANS: A The Langerhans cells process the antigen and carry it to T cells. T cells then become sensitized to the antigen, inducing the release of inflammatory cytokines and the symptoms ofdermatitis. Merkel cells are associated with nerve cells. Keratinocytes are part of the epidermal layer of the skin and are not involved in immune responses. Melanocytes synthesize the skin’s pigment. REF: p. 1061 8. A 25-year-old paralyzed male develops a dermal pressure ulcer. When assessing the patient’s skin, which finding is the first indication of this ulcer? a. Redness b. Whiteness c. Indurations d. Ulceration ANS: A The initial sign of a pressure ulcer is redness, not whiteness. Induration and ulceration occur in later stages. REF: p. 1055 9. Pityriasis rosea is caused by a: a. parasite. b. virus. c. bacteria. d. fungus. ANS: B Pityriasis rosea is caused by a virus. Pityriasis rosea is not caused by a parasite, a bacterium, or a fungus. REF: p. 1063 10. A 42-year-old female presents with raised red lesions with a brownish scale. She was diagnosed with discoid lupus erythematosus. This disorder is related to: a. infection. b. trauma. c. autoimmunity. d. cancer. ANS: C Discoid lupus is related to autoimmunity, not infection, trauma, or cancer. REF: p. 1064 11. A 45-year-old male presents with a chronic blister-forming disease of the skin and oral mucous membranes. The nurse would recognize this condition as: a. lupus erythematosus. b. pemphigus. c. psoriasis. d. eczema. ANS: B Pemphigus is manifested by chronic blister formation. Lupus erythematosus is manifested by rash and arthritis, not blisters. Psoriasis is manifested by gray-white skin plaques. Eczema is not manifested by blisters. REF: p. 1065 12. If a patient has carbuncles, the infection will be located in the: a. hair follicles. b. papillary layer of the dermis. c. reticular layer of the dermis. d. subcutaneous tissue. ANS: A