Sociology Chapter 5 Flashcards Last updated 19 September 2021 0 1601 Social Interaction the ways in which people respond to one another Social Structure the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships Status a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group in society Ascribed Status a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics Achieved Status a social position that is within our power to change Master Status a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society Social Role a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status Role conflict the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person Role Strain the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations Role Exit the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity in order to establish a new role and identity Group any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis Primary Group a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation Secondary Group A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding In-Group any group or catagory to which people feel they belong Out-group a group or category to which people feel they do not belong Reference Group any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior Coalition a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal Social Network a series of social relationships that link individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people Avatar a person's online representation as a character, whether in form of a 2-D or 3-D image or simply through text Social institution an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs Bureaucracy a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency Ideal type a construct or model for evaluating specific cases Alienation loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, seperation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers Trained incapacity the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems Peter Principle a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence Bureaucratization the process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficency McDonaldization the process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability and control shape organization and decision making, in the United States and around the world Classical Theory an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards Human Relations Approach an appproach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of the people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization gemeinschaft a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bond unite members Gesellschaft a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal with little commitment to the group or consensus on values Mechanical solidarity social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change Organic solidarity a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex divison of labor Hunting and gathering society a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are availible in order to survive Horticultural society a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops Agrarian society Most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society Industrial Society depends on mechanization to produce its good and services Postindustrial Society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information Share this post
0
1601