TEST BANK FOR ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS, 9TH EDITION, SUSAN KRAUSS WHITBOURNE
1. Which of the following is one of the criteria stated by the mental health community for a diagnosis of psychological disorder?
A. The individual's behavior must reflect dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes.
B. The individual's behavior must be a socially expectable response to a particular event such as the death of a close friend or relative.
C. The individual's family must have a traceable history of mental illness.
D. The individual must be an introvert.
APA LO: 1.1
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
2. Calvin works at a paper manufacturing company. The bleaching agents used by the company are toxic in nature and as a result of being exposed to these substances, Calvin has been experiencing intense depressive episodes due to changes in his brain functioning. From the available information, it would be most accurate to conclude that causes are responsible for Calvin's depression.
A. supernatural
B. biological
C. mystical
D. sociocultural
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
3. People with psychological disorders may inherit a predisposition to developing behavioral disturbances. This provides evidence that factors contribute to many of the prevalent abnormalities.
A. biological
B. social
C. cultural
D. environmental
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Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biological Perspective
4. Maria was involved in a serious car accident in which she sustained a head injury. At present, her injury has become worse and as a result she is behaving in bizarre and highly disturbing ways. Maria's change in behavior is most likely due to a cause.
A. cultural
B. social
C. biological
D. genetic
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Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biological Perspective
5. While determining the cause of an abnormal behavior, which of the following can be categorized as a psychological contribution?
A. disturbance in motor functions due to injuries
B. abnormal structure of certain chromosomes
C. hormonal imbalance in the body
D. disturbances in thoughts and feelings
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
6. Angelina's family was killed in a tornado that ripped through her hometown. Although Angelina was not in town when this happened, she has been experiencing episodes of intense depression and anxiety because of the mental trauma she suffered. Angelina's condition is most likely to be the result of a cause.
A. genetic
B. neurological
C. sociocultural
D. psychological
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
7. The term refers to the various circles of influence on the individual ranging from close friends and family to the institutions and policies of a country or the world as a whole.
A. biological
B. psychological
C. sociocultural
D. psychodynamic
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Sociocultural Perspective
8. Martin Salambo was the only African student in his class. All others were white Americans. Martin was always looked down upon by his classmates and he was also bullied by them. This has had a profound impact on Martin's life. At present, he suffers from an inferiority complex, which causes him to feel depressed most of the time. Martin's condition is most likely to be the result of a cause.
A. biological
B. genetic
C. sociocultural
D. supernatural
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Sociocultural Perspective
9. A(n) is a label that causes us to regard certain people as different, defective, and set apart from mainstream members of society.
A. independent variable
B. prejudice
C. stereotype
D. stigma
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Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior.
Topic: Stigma
10. Social scientists use the term to refer to the interaction in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors play a role in the development of an individual's symptoms.
A. humanitarian
B. sociocultural
C. biopsychosocial
D. supernatural
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Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biopsychosocial Perspective
11. The biopsychosocial perspective incorporates a developmental viewpoint. This means that
A. individual abnormalities are solely the result of biological factors and that the environment has no role in the development of an individual.
B. we must understand how different factors influence change over the course of a person's life.
C. risk factors related to abnormality remain constant and does not vary according to an individual's position in the life span.
D. mental abnormalities are not curable.
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Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biopsychosocial Perspective
12. According to the biopsychosocial model, it is most likely that an individual's vulnerability to develop abnormal behavioral tendencies will be low when he/she
A. receives adequate health care.
B. engages in risky behaviors.
C. is involved in dysfunctional relationships.
D. uses drugs to divert his/her mind from stressful situations.
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Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biopsychosocial Perspective
13. According to the biopsychosocial model, when Bella engages in risky behavior, her vulnerability to developing
A. mood related disorders is reduced.
B. AIDS is reduced.
C. abnormal behavioral tendencies is heightened.
D. genetic disorders is heightened.
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biopsychosocial Perspective
14. explanations regard abnormal behavior as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits.
A. Spiritual
B. Scientific
C. Humanitarian
D. Psychological
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
15. explanations view psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions.
A. Humanitarian
B. Spiritual
C. Psychological
D. Scientific
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
16. explanations primarily regard psychological disorders as the result of causes that we can objectively measure, such as biological alterations, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors.
A. Spiritual
B. Mystical
C. Scientific
D. Religious
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
17. Ramona is a member of a tribe residing in the rain forests of South America. She has been exhibiting certain symptoms of psychological disorder like severe depression and memory loss. The tribe's shaman pronounced that the spirit of a demon tiger has possessed Ramona and is the main cause of her distress. The approach used by the shaman in this instance is an example of the approach.
A. humanitarian
B. spiritual
C. psychological
D. scientific
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
18. Father Moore had conducted a number of exorcisms during his tenure as pastor in a suburban church in New England. The members of his congregation suggest that Father Moore was successful in driving away evil spirits that caused individuals to behave abnormally, a feat that earned him substantial fame in the town. This is an example of the approach in addressing abnormality in individuals.
A. scientific
B. psychological
C. medical
D. spiritual
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
19. In prehistoric times, skulls of the living had holes cut out of them, a process called , apparently in an effort to release the evil spirits from the person's head.
A. trephining
B. agnosia
C. akinesia
D. lobotomy
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
20. According to the text, archaeologists have found trephined skulls from many countries and cultures, ranging from the Far and Middle East to Britain and
A. Guam.
B. New England.
C. South America.
D. Egypt.
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
21. Trephining is an example of a spiritual approach to psychological disorders. Which of the following statements is true about trephining?
A. The practice began in the Middle Ages and ended when Renaissance physicians realized it had no positive effect.
B. The practice began in early history and extended into the modern period.
C. Trephining was abandoned as an approach to psychological disorders during the sixteenth century.
D. Trephining began in early history and was abandoned by the end of the Roman Empire.
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
22. The ritual of driving away evil spirits that involves a physically and mentally painful form of treatment carried out by a shaman, priest, or medicine man is referred to as
A. cognitive restructuring.
B. an exorcism.
C. trephining.
D. electroconvulsive therapy.
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
23. The idea of "moral treatment" holds the notion that
A. abnormalities in behavior were mainly the result of possessions by evil spirits.
B. immoral people were cursed and they suffered from incurable mental disorders.
C. people with psychological disorders can be treated through exorcism.
D. people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment.
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
24. was a Massachusetts reformer who sought to improve the treatment of people with psychological disorders in the mid-1800s.
A. Benjamin Rush
B. Martin Luther
C. William Tuke
D. Dorothea Dix
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
25. Which of the following was one of the most significant reasons for the declining conditions in mental institutions during the 1800s?
A. Overcrowding
B. Lack of faith in religion
C. Nonavailability of patients
D. The increasing popularity of science
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
26. Which of the following promoted the release of psychiatric patients into community treatment sites?
A. Deinstitutionalization movement
B. Dual-process theory
C. Five factor model
D. Behaviorist movement
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
27. In late 2010, the U.S. government's Healthy People project released goals for the coming decade. These goals include
A. decrease the proportion of homeless adults with mental health problems who receive mental health services.
B. decrease depression screening by primary care providers.
C. increase the proportion of adults with mental disorders who receive treatment.
D. increase the proportion of persons with serious mental illness (SMI) who are unemployed.
APA LO: 1.3
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
28. Who is considered the founder of modern medicine?
A. Aristotle
B. Benjamin Rush
C. Socrates
D. Hippocrates
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
29. Which Greek physician developed the theory that psychological disorders are caused by imbalances in bodily fluids?
A. Hippocrates
B. Heraclitus
C. Galen
D. Aristotle
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
30. Hippocrates believed that the treatment of psychological disorder would require
A. getting rid of evil spirits responsible for abnormalities in human behaviors.
B. ridding the body of the excess fluid that influenced physical and mental health.
C. drilling holes into the skull of the affected individuals to release negative energy.
D. stabilizing the emotional state of the affected individuals through catharsis.
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
31. Which of the following is a physician who developed a system of medical knowledge based on anatomical studies?
A. Horace
B. Socrates
C. Galen
D. Aristotle
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
32. Who is known as the founder of American psychiatry?
A. Dorothea Dix
B. Benjamin Rush
C. William Tuke
D. Clifford Beers
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
33. In the context of treating psychological disorders, the "tranquilizer" chair was used to
A. purify the body of evil spirits.
B. induce the emotion of fear in patients.
C. make individuals aware of their repressed desires.
D. reduce blood flow to the brain.
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
34. The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane later became the
A. American Medical Association.
B. American Psychological Association.
C. American Psychiatric Association.
D. Psychonomic Society.
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
35. The German psychiatrist Wilhelm Greisinger proposed that were the cause of psychological disorders.
A. single nucleotide polymorphisms
B. automatic thoughts
C. neuropathologies
D. exorcisms
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
36. Emil Kraepelin, promoted a classification system much like that applied to medical diagnoses. He proposed that
A. mental disorders primarily resulted from social causes.
B. disorders could best be understood by probing into an individual's unconscious mind.
C. disorders could be identified by their patterns of symptoms.
D. mental disorders were mainly caused by evil spirits.
APA LO: 1.3
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
37. The approach to psychological disorders gained momentum as psychiatrists and psychologists proposed behavior models that included explanations of abnormality in the nineteenth century.
A. spiritual
B. scientific
C. mystical
D. social
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
38. Who among the following developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s?
A. Anton Mesmer
B. Josef Breuer
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Emil Kraepelin
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
39. Dr. Andrew's system of practice for treating individuals with abnormalities relies heavily on the concepts of the unconscious mind, early development, and inhibited sexual impulses. Dr. Andrew is most likely to be a proponent of the theory.
A. spiritual
B. social conflict
C. cognitive
D. psychoanalytic
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
40. The physiologist who discovered the principles of classical conditioning was
A. Edward Thorndike.
B. Albert Bandura.
C. Ivan Pavlov.
D. Albert Ellis.
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
41. The work of Ivan Pavlov became the basis for the movement begun in the United States by John B. Watson.
A. deinstitutionalization
B. behaviorist
C. operant conditioning
D. socialist
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
42. Which of the following is true with regard to John B. Watson?
A. He initiated the behaviorist movement in the United States.
B. He developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s.
C. He is known for his discovery of classical conditioning.
D. He formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning, specifying the types and nature of reinforcement as a way to modify behavior.
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
43. Who started the behaviorist movement in the United States?
A. Albert Bandura
B. Ivan Pavlov
C. Sigmund Freud
D. John B. Watson
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
44. Who among the following formulated a systematic approach to operant conditioning, specifying the types and nature of reinforcement as a way to modify behavior?
A. B. F. Skinner
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Emil Kraepelin
D. Wilhelm Greisinger
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
45. Which of the following is primarily associated with Albert Bandura?
A. The discovery of classical conditioning
B. Genome-wide association study
C. Five factor model
D. Social learning theory
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
46. Which of the following is primarily associated with Albert Ellis?
A. Acceptance and commitment therapy
B. Rational-emotive therapy
C. Hypnotic therapy
D. Transpersonal theory
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
47. In the , scientists experimenting with pharmacological treatments invented medications that for the first time in history could successfully control the symptoms of psychological disorders.
A. 1920s
B. 1950s
C. 1870s
D. 1890s
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Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
48. In 1963, the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Center Construction Act proposed patient treatment in clinics and treatment centers outside of mental hospitals. This legislation paved the way for the movement.
A. behaviorist
B. civil rights
C. spiritual
D. deinstitutionalization
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
49. The movement views psychological disorders as difficulties that inhibit the individual's ability to achieve highly subjective well-being and feelings of fulfilment.
A. positive psychology
B. transcendental
C. behaviorist
D. cognitive
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
50. Which of the following is the essence of the scientific method in the understanding and treatment of abnormal behavior?
A. Subjectivity
B. Objectivity
C. Deniability
D. Experimentation
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Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method. Topic: Scientific Method
51. The process of testing ideas about the nature of psychological phenomena without bias before accepting these ideas as adequate explanations is the basis for the method of research.
A. historical
B. sociocultural
C. scientific
D. humanitarian
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Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method. Topic: Scientific Method
52. An experimenter gives one group of depressed subjects a certain amount of the medication Prozac and another group of depressed subjects a comparatively higher dose. Then she measures the number of violent or suicidal thoughts members of both groups have. In this situation, the independent variable is
A. the measure of medication administered.
B. the initial level of depression of the subjects.
C. the number of violent thoughts the subjects report.
D. the number of suicidal thoughts the subjects report.
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Variables
53. When using the experimental design, the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter is known as the variable.
A. relational
B. dependent
C. independent
D. secondary
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Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Variables
54. A dependent variable is best defined as
A. the variable whose value is the outcome of the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable.
B. the variable whose value is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter.
C. the variable over which the investigator has the maximum control.
D. the variable whose value is representative of the input that causes the outcome of a study.
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Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Variables
55. Which of the following statements is not true about randomized control trials (RCTs)?
A. RCTs generally require investigators to define a single primary outcome.
B. Secondary outcomes may be defined, but must be subordinate to a clearly stated primary outcome.
C. In RCTs, researchers are increasingly being required to enter their work into a public trial registry before they begin work.
D. Research based on RCTs are generally not eligible for publication in prestigious professional journals.
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Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research design
56. is used as the foundation for evidence-based treatment, in which clients receive interventions based on the findings of controlled clinical studies.
A. Randomized control trial
B. Nonrandomized control trial
C. Randomized independent variable
D. Nonrandomized independent variable.
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research design
57. Studies that investigate differences among groups not determined by random assignment are known as
A. double-blind trials.
B. triple-blind trials.
C. observational studies.
D. quasi-experimental.
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Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
58. Clients with schizophrenia are informed that they would be part of an experiment. Then they are separated on the basis of their sex and the intensity of the symptoms they exhibit is studied. This is an example of
A. double-blind design.
B. quasi-experimental design.
C. triple-blind design.
D. gene mapping.
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
59. Which of the following is true of the placebo condition?
A. Studies evaluating therapy effectiveness rarely have a placebo condition.
B. If the study is evaluating effectiveness of medication, the placebo has inert ingredients.
C. In a placebo condition, participants receive a treatment that is substantially different from the experimental treatment.
D. Ideally, the researchers would want the placebo participants to receive treatments of a different frequency and duration than the experimental group participants who are receiving psychotherapy.
APA LO: 2.4
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
60. In participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment, but lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest.
A. family therapies
B. a placebo condition
C. classical conditioning
D. operant conditioning
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
61. Which of the following statements is true about studies evaluating the effectiveness of therapy?
A. Generally, a placebo condition is omitted.
B. Scientists must design a placebo that mimics, but is not the same as, the actual therapy.
C. Researchers must guarantee that research participants receive the placebo at frequencies and durations different from experimental group participants who are receiving therapy.
D. It is not generally possible to experimentally verify the efficacy of a therapeutic approach because of the complexity of the experience.
APA LO: 2.4
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Difficulty: Moderate Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
62. In an “active placebo” condition, researchers build the experimental medication’s into the placebo.
A. chemical composition
B. side effects
C. flavor
D. weight
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Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
63. Which of the following statements is true about open-access journals?
A. They maintain the same rigorous review protocols as prestigious peer-reviewed journals while making the research readily available to consumers.
B. They ensure high quality by only reporting on randomized control trial-studies.
C. They do not engage in rigorous peer reviewing of the studies they report.
D. They expose fraudulent findings conducted by unscrupulous researchers.
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Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
64. Hanna is participating as a member of the control group in an experimental study and she is trying to figure out what the study is about so that she can be a "good" subject. This behavior of Hanna has the potential of compromising the conclusions of the experiment and is an example of
A. demand characteristics.
B. deinstitutionalization.
C. double-blind.
D. negative psychology.
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Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
65. Participants' expectations of what is going to happen to them in an experiment are referred to as
A. independent variables.
B. double-blind variables.
C. demand characteristics.
D. dependent variables.
APA LO: 2.4
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Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
66. The best way to eliminate demand characteristics is to use
A. a double-blind method.
B. a multiple baseline method.
C. placebo control groups.
D. statistical analyses.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
67. An undergraduate psychology student is required participate in three experiments conducted by graduate students and faculty to complete her introduction to psychology course. She resents having to do this and tells herself that she will intentionally distort her responses in any experiment she is involved with. What is the best way researchers can eliminate any biases that the student might introduce into the experiment?
A. By employing the demand characteristic approach
B. By using introducing a second independent variable
C. By giving the student a placebo
D. By using the double-blind method
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
68. Studies that investigate differences among groups not created by random assignment are known as
A. quasi-empirical.
B. quasi-experimental.
C. independent.
D. dependent.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
69. Gracie, a researcher, is interested in analyzing the relationship between smoking and life span. The results of her correlational study indicate that as the number of cigarettes smoked per day increases, life span decreases. This is an example of the kind of correlation.
A. positive
B. negative
C. direct
D. transverse
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
70. In the context of correlational design, correlations indicate that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable decrease.
A. positive
B. negative
C. indirect
D. primary
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
71. In the context of correlational design, correlations indicate that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable also increase.
A. positive
B. negative
C. indirect
D. inverse
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
72. The findings of a study conducted by a group of researchers prove that with the increase in the consumption of marijuana, the vulnerability of developing mental disorders increases. This is an example of the kind of correlation.
A. positive
B. negative
C. inverse
D. transverse
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
73. The results of a study indicate that there is a strong positive correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Which of the following can be concluded from this study?
A. Smoking does not cause lung cancer.
B. The incidence of lung cancer in people who do not smoke is no lesser than that in those who do.
C. The more people smoke, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer.
D. People who do not smoke will never develop lung cancer.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
74. A study evaluating the effect of stress on the overall quality of life indicated that increased stress was instrumental in substantially lowering the overall quality of life. This is an example of the kind of correlation.
A. negative
B. primary
C. positive
D. transverse
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
75. refers to a research tool used to gather information from a sample of people considered representative of a particular population, in which participants are asked to answer questions about the topic of concern
A. A search engine
B. A survey
C. A blog
D. A probabilistic design
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
76. In a , the same person serves as the subject in both the experimental and control conditions.
A. cross-cultural study
B. survey
C. comparative study
D. single case experimental design
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
77. The frequency of new cases of a disorder within a given time period is referred to as
A. prevalence.
B. incidence.
C. base-rate.
D. probability
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
78. The of a disorder refers to the number of people who have ever had the disorder over a specified period of time.
A. prevalence
B. incidence
C. probability
D. validity
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
79. A group of researchers studying the effects of alcohol on the overall health of urban adults asked respondents whether they drank alcohol during the past month. In this instance, the researchers were collecting data.
A. tangential
B. incidence
C. prevalence
D. secondary
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
80. The findings of a research states that in July 2003, 18 cases of suicides due to severe depression occurred in the city of San Francisco. This reflects the of suicides due to severe depression in San Francisco during July 2003.
A. concordance rate
B. probability
C. prevalence
D. incidence
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
81. A refers to an intensive study of a single person described in detail.
A. case study
B. multiple baseline experiment
C. survey
D. comparative study
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
82. refers to a method of analyzing data that provides researchers with methods of analyzing complex relationships that do not easily lend themselves to conventional statistical methods.
A. Masking
B. Sampling
C. Qualitative research
D. Statistical surveying
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
83. The agreement ratio between people diagnosed as having a disorder and their relatives is defined as the rate.
A. concordance
B. correlation
C. incidence
D. prevalence
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
84. The profession also refers to single case experimental designs as designs.
A. ABCD
B. AABB
C. ABBA
D. ABAB
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
85. Which of the following is true with regard to case studies?
A. Classic studies in early abnormal psychology rarely used the case study as a reliable research method.
B. The case study method is ideal for researchers who intend to conduct an intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of individuals.
C. An in-depth case study involves high experimental control and is likely to make a useful addition to the literature.
D. Investigators using case studies must adopt a subjective approach in order to obtain the best results.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
86. The attempt by biological researchers to identify the structure of a gene and the characteristics it controls is referred to as
A. gene pooling.
B. cognitive mapping.
C. gene mapping.
D. sensory gating.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
87. The study of how genes translate hereditary information is referred to as
A. gene pooling.
B. cognitive mapping.
C. molecular genetics.
D. sensory gating.
APA LO: 1.2
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
88. In an experimental study involving psychological disorders, a researcher observed that 7 out of a sample of 10 participants have the same diagnosed condition. This would mean that, among this sample, there is a concordance rate of
A. 7.00.
B. 0.70.
C. 0.170.
D. 1.70.
APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
89. The most significant threat to the usefulness of twin studies is the fact that the majority of monozygotic twins
A. do not share the same amniotic sac during prenatal development.
B. do not develop from the same zygote.
C. develop from two separate eggs that are fertilized by two separate sperms.
D. always share 100% of the same DNA.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
90. To decide on whether a given individual fits the criteria for abnormality, the mental health community maintains that the behavior need not be linked to some underlying disturbance within the individual, whether psychological or biological.
FALSE
APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
91. People with psychological disorders may inherit a predisposition to developing behavioral disturbances. TRUE
APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Biological Perspective
92. Dysfunctional relationships have the potential of lowering an individual's vulnerability to psychological disorders. FALSE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
93. The technique of trephining is a recently developed treatment procedure for treating psychological disorders.
Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
94. During the Middle Ages, the predominant model for explaining the causes of abnormality was the scientific model. FALSE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
95. The humanitarian approach developed throughout history, in part as a reaction against the scientific approach. FALSE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
96. Many of the promises and programs hailed as alternatives to institutionalization ultimately failed to come through because of inadequate planning and insufficient funds.
TRUE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
97. Psychoanalysis is a treatment that relies heavily on the concept of the conscious mind. FALSE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
98. The positive psychology movement emphasizes the potential for growth and change throughout life. TRUE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
99. The essence of the scientific method is objectivity. TRUE
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method. Topic: Scientific Method
100. It is a rather uncommon practice in studies evaluating therapy effectiveness to have a placebo condition. FALSE
APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
101. The best way to eliminate demand characteristics is to use a multiple baseline method. FALSE
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
102. Surveys are primarily used in studies involving a correlational design when investigators seek to find out whether potentially related variables actually do relate to each other as hypothesized.
TRUE
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
103. One of the disadvantages of an in-depth case study is that it does not involve enough experimental control to make a useful addition to the literature.
TRUE
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
104. The incidence rate is the agreement ratio between people diagnosed as having a disorder and their relatives. FALSE
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
105. Match the term with the appropriate definition or description.
1. Psychoanalysis a theory and system of practice developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s that relied heavily on the concepts of the unconscious mind, inhibited sexual impulses, and early development 1
2. Moral treatment the attempt by biological researchers to identify the structure of each gene and the characteristics it controls 6
3. Control group the notion that people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment 2
4. Independent variable the variable whose level is adjusted or controlled by the experimenter 4
5. Prevalence the number of people who have ever had a disorder at a given time or over a specified period 5
6. Gene mapping an experimental procedure in which neither the person giving the treatment nor the person receiving the treatment has knowledge of whether the participant is in the experimental or the control group 7
7. Double-blind method the group that receives no treatment or a different treatment 3
8. Deinstitutionalization movement promoted the release of psychiatric patients into community treatment sites 8
APA LO: 1.1
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Difficulty: Easy
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies.
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: Experimental and Control Groups
Topic: Genetics
Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
Topic: Variables, Research Designs and Methods
106. Match the term with the appropriate definition or description.
1. Quasi-experimental also known as the "A-B-A-B" method 5
2. Biopsychosocial expectations that participants in a study have about what is going to happen and how they should respond 3
3. Demand characteristics design in which the same person serves as the subject in both the experimental and control conditions 6
4. Concordance rate social scientists use this term to refer to the interaction in which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors play a role in the development of an individual's symptoms 2
5. Single-subject design studies that investigate differences among groups not determined by random assignment 1
6. Single case experimental design agreement ratios between people diagnosed as having a particular disorder and their relatives 4
APA LO: 1.1
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Difficulty: Medium
Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies.
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
Topic: Experimental Research
Topic: Research Designs and Methods
107. Ramierez wants to understand if cognitive behavioral therapy works more effectively with depressed patients than psychodynamic psychotherapy. How would she design an experiment to explore this question?
To determine whether one approach to treatment is more effective than another, a researcher would need to create three experimental groups: one in which, as in this case, depressed patients are treated with cognitive behavioral therapy; a second group of depressed patients who are treated with psychodynamic psychotherapy; and a third control group of depressed people who receive no treatment. In that case, the independent variable— therapy—takes on three values: treatment one, treatment two, and no treatment.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research design
108. Why would researchers need to build into a placebo the same side effects as the experimental medication?
If participants know that a medication produces specific side effects, such as dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, or upset stomach, then the placebo must also mimic these side effects, or participants will know they are receiving placebos.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Research Designs and Methods
109. The prehistoric practice of cutting a hole in the skull of individuals to release the evil spirits from their body is referred to as trephining.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
110. The idea of moral treatment refers to the notion that people could develop self-control over their behaviors if they had a quiet and restful environment.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
111. The psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud relies heavily on the concepts of the unconscious mind, inhibited sexual impulses, and early development.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
112. The dependent variable is the variable that researchers observe in an experiment.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Variables
113. In a(n) placebo condition, participants receive a treatment similar to the experimental treatment, but lacking the key feature of the treatment of interest.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Easy Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
114. Positive numbers represent positive correlations meaning that, as scores on one variable increase, scores on the second variable increase.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Correlational Research
115. A single case experimental design refers to a design in which the same person serves as the subject in both the experimental and control conditions.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Experimental Research
116. Agreement ratios between people diagnosed as having a particular disorder and their relatives is referred to as the concordance rate.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
117. In cross-fostering studies, researchers examine the frequency of a particular disorder in children whose biological parents had no disorder, but whose adoptive parents do.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: automatic
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
118. Briefly discuss the criteria set by the mental health community for the diagnosis of psychological disorders.
The mental health community currently uses diagnostic procedures to decide on whether a given individual fits the criteria for abnormality. There are currently five criteria for a psychological disorder. The first is that of "clinical significance," meaning that the behavior involves a measurable degree of impairment. Second, the behavior reflects a dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes. Third, the behavior usually is associated with significant distress or disability in important realms of life. Fourth, the individual's behavior cannot be socially "deviant" as defined in terms of religion, politics, or sexuality. Fifth, conflicts between the individual and society are not counted as psychological disorders unless they reflect a dysfunction within the individual.
APA LO: 1.3
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: manual
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
119. What do trephining and exorcism have in common?
Trephining and exorcism are two examples of the spiritual approach to treating psychological disorders.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: manual
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
120. Three prominent themes in explaining psychological disorders recur throughout history. Write a short note on each.
The earliest approach to understanding abnormal behavior is spiritual. Spiritual explanations regard psychological disorders as the product of possession by evil or demonic spirits. The humanitarian approach developed throughout history, in part as a reaction against the spiritual approach and its associated punishment of people with psychological disorders. Humanitarian explanations regard psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, stress, or poor living conditions. Early Greek philosophers were the first to attempt a scientific approach to understanding psychological disorders. Scientific explanations regard psychological disorders as the result of causes that we can objectively measure, such as biological alterations, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors.
APA LO: 1.1
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: manual
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology
121. What is concordance rate? What is its importance in the context of behavioral genetics?
Behavioral geneticists typically begin an investigation into a disorder's genetic inheritance after observing that the disorder shows a distinct pattern of family inheritance. This process requires obtaining complete family histories from people whom they can identify as having symptoms of the disorder. The investigators then calculate the concordance rate, or agreement ratios, between people diagnosed as having the disorder and their relatives. We would expect an inherited disorder to have the highest concordance between monozygotic or identical twins (whose genes are the same), with somewhat lower rates between siblings and dizygotic or fraternal twins (who are no more alike genetically than siblings of different ages), and even lower rates among more distant relatives.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium Gradable: manual
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
122. What are some of the drawbacks associated with the various approaches in behavioral genetics?
These kinds of studies are imprecise and have several potential serious flaws. Adoption studies can be suggestive, but are hardly definitive. There may be unmeasured characteristics of the adoptive parents that influence the development of the disorder in the children. The most significant threat to the usefulness of twin studies is the fact that the majority of monozygotic twins do not share the same amniotic sac during prenatal development. Furthermore, they may not even share 100% of the same DNA.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: manual
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
123. What is gene mapping?
Gene mapping refers to the attempt by biological researchers to identify the structure of a gene and the characteristics it controls. In gene mapping, researchers examine and connect variations in chromosomes to performance on psychological tests or diagnosis of specific disorders.
APA LO: 2.4
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember Difficulty: Difficult Gradable: manual
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. Topic: Genetics
Category Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation |
# of Questions 123 |
APA LO: 1.1 |
53 |
APA LO: 1.2 |
3 |
APA LO: 1.3 |
19 |
APA LO: 2.1 |
1 |
APA LO: 2.4 |
49 |
Bloom's: Apply |
18 |
Bloom's: Remember |
87 |
Bloom's: Understand |
16 |
Difficulty: Difficult |
37 |
Difficulty: Easy |
36 |
Difficulty: Medium |
49 |
Difficulty: Moderate |
1 |
Gradable: automatic |
117 |
Gradable: manual |
6 |
Learning Objective: Describe the scientific method. |
3 |
Learning Objective: Describe types of research studies. |
56 |
Learning Objective: Distinguish between normal but unusual behavior and between unusual but abnormal behavior. 17 |
|
Learning Objective: Understand how explanations of abnormal behavior have changed through time. |
49 |
Topic: Assessment of Abnormal Behavior |
8 |
Topic: Biological Perspective |
3 |
Topic: Biopsychosocial Perspective |
4 |
Topic: Correlational Research |
7 |
Topic: Experimental and Control Groups |
1 |
Topic: Experimental Research |
9 |
Topic: Genetics |
11 |
Topic: History of Abnormal Psychology |
48 |
Topic: Research design |
3 |
Topic: Research Designs and Methods |
23 |
Topic: Scientific Method |
3 |
Topic: Sociocultural Perspective |
2 |
Topic: Stigma |
1 |
Topic: Variables |
4 |
Topic: Variables, Research Designs and Methods |
1 |
0
719