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Sociology Test

Sociology Test

Sociology Test

02 August 2023

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QUESTION 1

  1.  Colonization came to an end soon after the Second World War largely because
    a.
    colonized people engaged in widespread protests leading to movements for independence.
    b.
    powerful nations no longer had the resources to control less powerful nations.
    c.
    colonized nations had done so much for the war effort that they were granted independence out of gratitude.
    d.
    nations that had been colonized were so devastated by the war that they had little left to exploit.

1 points   

QUESTION 2

  1. About _____ of the world’s population make up what the United Nations calls the global underclass.
    a.
    one-tenth
    b.
    one-half
    c.
    one-fourth
    d.
    one-third

1 points   

QUESTION 3

  1. According to _____, poverty results from adherence to traditional values and customs.
    a.
    dependency theory
    b.
    world systems theory
    c.
    modernization theory
    d.
    social exchange theory

1 points   

QUESTION 4

  1. According to _____, poverty results from the reliance of low-income countries on wealthy nations.
    a.
    social exchange theory
    b.
    dependency theory
    c.
    modernization theory
    d.
    world systems theory

1 points   

QUESTION 5

  1. According to a 2017 World Bank report, about _____ percent of the world’s population lives on less than $1.90 a day.
    a.
    11
    b.
    18
    c.
    4
    d.
    25

1 points   

QUESTION 6

  1. According to modernization theory, social change
    a.
    requires the establishment of an upper class.
    b.
    can occur only when internal equality exists.
    c.
    stems from technological change.
    d.
    is associated with decreased internal differentiation.

1 points   

QUESTION 7

  1. According to the United Nations, absolute poverty is defined as a situation in which people live on less than ____ a day.
    a.
    $2.50
    b.
    $5
    c.
    $1.25
    d.
    $10

1 points   

QUESTION 8

  1. According to the United Nations, violence against women
    a.
    has become much less of a problem in the developed or industrialized world.
    b.
    is skyrocketing, even in more developed nations, largely because of economic stress.
    c.
    persists in every country in the world as a pervasive violation of human rights.
    d.
    has little impact on women’s lives because it is simply an expected part of being a woman.

1 points   

QUESTION 9

  1. According to the World Bank, by 2040 as much as _____ percent of the world’s population will face a shortfall in the availability of water.
    a.
    10
    b.
    20
    c.
    30
    d.
    40

1 points   

QUESTION 10

  1. According to the text, global stratification contributes to the threat of terrorism, particularly against the United States. Which of the following is not one of the reasons why this is the case?
    a.
    The sexual freedom and relative equality of Western women is seen as undermining traditional values in other countries.
    b.
    The consumerism of American culture is seen as threatening to the traditional way of life in some countries.
    c.
    Western culture is perceived as degenerate by some traditional religious leaders.
    d.
    Religious extremists do not recognize the economic dependency of poor countries on wealthy countries.

1 points   

QUESTION 11

  1. According to the text, world poverty is caused by all of the following except
    a.
    the collapse of some nations’ economies.
    b.
    unstable governments unable to provide basic services.
    c.
    economies reorganized to pay debt decreasing resources for human services.
    d.
    there is not enough food grown in the world to feed everyone.

1 points   

QUESTION 12

  1. As measured by GNI in 2017, the United States is
    a.
    the wealthiest nation.
    b.
    the least wealthy of the ten wealthiest nations.
    c.
    ranked seventh of the ten wealthiest nations.
    d.
    no longer among the ten wealthiest nations.

1 points   

QUESTION 13

  1. As of 2017, many of the world’s poorest nations were in _____, a region that is also prone to famine.
    a.
    Asia
    b.
    sub-Saharan Africa
    c.
    the Middle East
    d.
    South America                                     

1 points   

QUESTION 14

  1. As used with respect to poverty, the term double deprivation refers to
    a.
    women and children having twice the poverty rates of men.
    b.
    women suffering because of their gender and women bearing a disproportionate burden of poverty. 
    c.
    the doubled risk of poverty following release from imprisonment (deprivation of liberty).
    d.
    an intergenerational pattern of poverty in which the risk of poverty doubles with each successive generation.

1 points   

QUESTION 15

  1. A problem with the assimilation model is that it
    a.
    places too much emphasis on the different histories of Black and White immigrants to this country.
    b.
    places too much emphasis on the salience of skin color as a factor affecting the assimilation process.
    c.
    takes no account of societal conditions at the time of immigration.
    d.
    focuses too much attention on the social class of the immigrants.

1 points   

QUESTION 16

  1. A traditional stereotype of African Americans is that they are inherently lazy. This stereotype has also been applied to Hispanics, Polish, and Irish groups. This is an example of
    a.
    stereotype interchangeability.
    b.
    retrospective determinism.
    c.
    cultural relativism.
    d.
    ethnic inferiority.

1 points   

QUESTION 17

  1. According to sociologists, racism
    a.
    has practically disappeared in the United States since Barack Obama was elected president.
    b.
    is limited to individual behavior.
    c.
    is the perception and treatment of members of a racial group as inferior.
    d.
    involves actions, not attitudes.

1 points   

QUESTION 18

  1. As it is now understood to play out, assimilation involves changes in
    a.
    the immigrant group but not the host society.
    b.
    both the host society and the immigrant group.
    c.
    the host society but not the immigrant group.
    d.
    either the host society or the immigrant group but not both.

1 points   

QUESTION 19

  1. As of 2017, about _____ of the world’s Jewish population lives in the United States.
    a.
    15 percent
    b.
    25 percent
    c.
    50 percent
    d.
    40 percent

1 points   

QUESTION 20

  1. As originally stated, the _____ perspective asserted that, to overcome adversity and oppression, individual immigrants must imitate the dominant White culture as much as possible.
    a.
    assimilation
    b.
    cultural pluralism
    c.
    acculturalist
    d.
    blending

1 points   

QUESTION 21

  1. Because colorblind racism is characterized by the insistence that the individual espousing it sees no differences among races, colorblind racism may hide
    a.
    stereotype interchangeability
    b.
    institutional racism
    c.
    White privilege
    d.
    pluralist frustration

1 points   

QUESTION 22

  1. Because it involves change both by the immigrant group and by the host society and depends on the structural and historical conditions that particular groups encounter,  _____ theory conceptualizes social change as a slow and gradual process.
    a.
    class-race
    b.
    culture-structure
    c.
    intersectional theory
    d.
    assimilation

1 points   

QUESTION 23

  1. Because of _____, the negative stereotypes of groups that occupy the lowest status of a given society tend to be consistent over time.
    a.
    retrospective determinism
    b.
    ethnic inferiority
    c.
    stereotype interchangeability
    d.
    cultural relativism

1 points   

QUESTION 24

  1. Despite the way they were regarded by newly arriving Europeans and continue to be regarded today, Native Americans had
    a.
    common beliefs.
    b.
    shared values.
    c.
    heterogeneous cultures.
    d.
    a common language.

1 points   

QUESTION 25

  1. During the Golden Age of the Ranchos, _____ created a class system within the Chicano community.
    a.
    slavery
    b.
    concentration of land in the hands of a few
    c.
    a social structure of exclusion
    d.
    capitalism

1 points   

QUESTION 26

  1. In order for a group to be considered an ethnic group, they must share a common culture and
    a.
    define themselves as having a collective identity.
    b.
    have a shared system of norms and values.
    c.
    look different than the members of other ethnic groups.
    d.
    speak the same language as other members of the group.

1 points   

QUESTION 27

  1. A significant difference between the functionalist and conflict theory perspectives on gender is that
    a.
    functionalism advocates for change, while conflict theory urges patience.
    b.
    functionalism is a macrosociological perspective, and conflict theory is a microsociological perspective.
    c.
    conflict theory is more likely than functionalism to explore issues of race and social class as they relate to gender.
    d.
    conflict theory recognizes the role of gender within the social structure, and functionalism does not view gender as a significant construct.

1 points   

QUESTION 28

  1. According to the concept of biological determinism,
    a.
    the creation of a male or female occurs as the egg and the sperm meet during human reproduction.
    b.
    social behaviors are caused by physiological characteristics.
    c.
    the interplay of culture and biology is what shapes human behavior.
    d.
    the physiology of any person may be manipulated in order to alter that person’s sex.

1 points   

QUESTION 29

  1. According to the text, there is a price for conformity to gender norms. Which of these is not a negative consequence for men that results from conformity to gender roles?
    a.
    Gender norms that demand thinness have resulted in men being diagnosed with eating orders as often as women.
    b.
    Traditional norms of aggressiveness can lead some men to act violently against women.
    c.
    Gender norms discourage intimacy with other men, affecting friendships.
    d.
    Conformity to gender norms increases risk-taking behavior that may result in death or injury.

1 points   

QUESTION 30

  1. Anita believes that the oppression of women results from patriarchy. Anita is most accurately described as a
    a.
    functionalist.
    b.
    radical feminist.
    c.
    conflict theorist.
    d.
    liberal feminist.

1 points   

QUESTION 31

  1. As of 2016, _____ percent of women were in the paid labor force compared with _____ percent of men.
    a.
    77; 40
    b.
    40; 90
    c.
    72; 60
    d.
    54; 66

1 points   

QUESTION 32

  1. As of 2016, women make up 89 percent of secretaries and 95 percent of child-care workers. This is evidence of
    a.
    sex stratification.
    b.
    overt discrimination.
    c.
    patriarchy.
    d.
    occupational segregation.

1 points   

QUESTION 33

  1. Attitudes toward gender roles have changed so that today
    a.
    only 10 percent of men think that one parent should stay at home while the other is working.
    b.
    both men and women say it is not fair for men to be the sole decision maker in the household.
    c.
    women no longer believe they will be discriminated against men in employment.
    d.
    Both men and women agree that gender discrimination should be illegal.

1 points   

QUESTION 34

  1. Beth reflects on the social status differences between men and women. She thinks that if she were a man with the same education, skills, and experiences as she has now, she would, in comparison, experience
    a.
    little change in social standing.
    b.
    a gain of income by 50 percent.
    c.
    a loss in income, power, and social standing.
    d.
    a gain in income, power, and social standing.

1 points   

QUESTION 35

  1. Even when both husbands and wives are employed outside of the home, the bulk of the domestic responsibilities fall on women. The sociological term for this is
    a.
    gender segregation because tasks that are stereotypically female and those that are stereotypically male are distinct.
    b.
    the dual labor market since women work at their paid jobs and at home.
    c.
    familial inequity since women typically bear a disproportionate burden of tasks from which the entire family benefits.
    d.
    the second shift since women still have housework to complete after their paid jobs.

1 points   

QUESTION 36

  1. In general, men and women differ physically from each other in all of the following ways except
    a.
    men tend to have a lower resting heart rate.
    b.
    women tend to have lower blood pressure.
    c.
    men tend to have greater muscle density.
    d.
    women have greater strength than men.

1 points   

QUESTION 37

  1. Evidence that gender is socially constructed includes
    a.
    the different gender roles found in different countries.
    b.
    studies that find more difference within a gender than between genders on most traits.
    c.
    the lack of gender variability generally.
    d.
    the common gender expectations across all social classes.

1 points   

QUESTION 38

  1. Gender segregation in occupations
    a.
    reinforces the belief that there are significant differences between men and women.
    b.
    is not very prevalent, although it does exist.
    c.
    tends to be a disadvantage for men who may want to work in traditionally female occupations.
    d.
    rewards the most experienced women over men.

1 points   

QUESTION 39

  1. “Coming out” refers to
    a.
    a series of events that makes an individual question his or her sexual identity.
    b.
    the experience of sharing one’s sexual identity with others.
    c.
    the result of a single homosexual experience.
    d.
    the process of defining oneself as gay or lesbian.

1 points   

QUESTION 40

  1. A 2017 Gallup Poll indicates that _____ percent of the U.S. public think that abortion should be legal in all circumstances.
    a.
    54
    b.
    19
    c.
    29
    d.
    41

1 points   

QUESTION 41

  1. A person’s sexual identity
    a.
    may change at some point in his or her lifetime.
    b.
    is permanent once it has been determined.
    c.
    is predictable at the time he or she is born.
    d.
    depends on how many same-sex relationships he or she has had.

1 points   

QUESTION 42

  1. According to _____ theory, sexual relations are linked to other forms of stratification, and sexual violence, such as rape or sexual harassment, is the result of _____.
    a.
    social exchange; power imbalances between men and women
    b.
    conflict; power imbalances between men and women
    c.
    functionalist; failure to properly learn sexual norms
    d.
    symbolic interaction; failure to properly learn sexual norms

1 points   

QUESTION 43

  1. According to _____ theory, the call for a return to “family values” aims to increase uniformity in values and thus protect the social order.
    a.
    symbolic interaction
    b.
    functionalist
    c.
    social exchange
    d.
    conflict

1 points   

QUESTION 44

  1. According to _____ theory, the power that some sexual groups have over others and power within sexual relationships mirror the power structure in society as a whole.
    a.
    symbolic interaction
    b.
    social exchange
    c.
    functionalist
    d.
    conflict

1 points   

QUESTION 45

  1. According to conflict theory, sexual norms
    a.
    establish narrow definitions of women’s and men’s sexuality.
    b.
    are used by those in power to subordinate others.
    c.
    emerge from and are reinforced by social interaction.
    d.
    are important to the maintenance of order in society.

1 points   

QUESTION 46

  1. According to functionalism, sexual identity is
    a.
    learned in the family.
    b.
    regulated by individuals.
    c.
    socially constructed.
    d.
    compulsory.

1 points   

QUESTION 47

  1. Activists Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger promoted access to _____ as a means of allowing women to work outside the home if they wished.
    a.
    birth control
    b.
    vocational training
    c.
    education
    d.
    public transportation.

1 points   

QUESTION 48

  1. Among women in the United States, the most common method of birth control is
    a.
    the birth control pill.
    b.
    condoms.
    c.
    tubal ligation.
    d.
    diaphragms.

1 points   

QUESTION 49

  1. An example of a new reproductive technology that signifies that reproduction is no longer inextricably linked to biological parents includes
    a.
    adoption.
    b.
    in vitro fertilization.
    c.
    sterilization.
    d.
    birth control.

1 points   

QUESTION 50

  1. Children’s sexual scripts come from all of the following except
    a.
    innate knowledge.
    b.
    the media.
    c.
    their parents.
    d.
    playing games.

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