Local Anesthesia For Dental Professionals 2nd Edition By Bassett, DiMarco & Naughton – Test Bank

Pasing Grades Study Resources 

Vasoconstrictors in Dentistry
Match the following

1. A) Adrenaline
2. B) Mimics sympathetic mediators
3. C) Smooth muscle relaxation
4. D) Vasoconstrictor not used in dentistry
5. E) Tissues or cellular receptors that respond to adrenaline
6. F) Synthetic catecholamine
7. G) Cardiac stimulation
8. H) Adrenal gland neurotransmitters
9. I) Epinephrine and norepinephrine
10. J) Smooth muscle contraction
    1) Adrenergic
    Objective: 1
    2) Alpha receptor
    Objective: 1
    3) Beta1 receptor
    Objective: 1
    4) Beta2 receptor
    Objective: 1
    5) Catecholamines
    Objective: 1
    6) Epinephrine
    Objective: 1
    7) Levonordefrin
    Objective: 1
    8) Norepinephrine
    Objective: 1
    9) Sympathomimetic
    Objective: 1
    10) Vasopressors
    Objective: 1
    Answers: 1) E 2) J 3) G 4) C 5) H 6) A 7) F 8) D 9) B 10) I
    True or false
    1) Epinephrine, levonordefrin, and phenylephrine are catecholamines.
11. A) True
12. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Epinephrine and levonordefrin are catecholamines.
    Phenylephrine is a noncatecholamine.
    Objective: 2
    2) All vasoconstrictors in dentistry stimulate adrenergic receptors.
13. A) True
14. B) False
    Answer: A
    Objective: 2
    3) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are indirect-acting sympathomimetic
    drugs.
15. A) True
16. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are direct-acting
    vasopressors.
    Objective: 2
    4) Epinephrine provides almost equal alpha and beta effects; however, beta
    effects initially predominate to vasoconstrict vessels.
17. A) True
18. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Epinephrine provides almost equal alpha and beta effects;
    however, alpha effects initially predominate to vasoconstrict vessels.
    Objective: 2
    5) All vasopressors stimulate adrenergic receptors.
19. A) True
20. B) False
    Answer: A
    Objective: 2
    6) Vasoconstrictors speed the absorption of local anesthetic drugs.
21. A) True
22. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Vasoconstrictors slow the absorption of local anesthetic
    drugs.
    Objective: 3
    7) Signs and symptoms of epinephrine overdose include confusion and
    drowsiness, and are short lived due to the efficiency of epinephrine
    metabolism.
23. A) True
24. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Signs and symptoms of epinephrine overdose include nausea,
    restlessness, a racing heart, severe headaches, palpitations, tremors, and
    shakiness. Confusion and drowsiness may be related to an overdose of the
    local anesthetic drug. Reactions to epinephrine overdose are typically short
    due to the efficiency of epinephrine metabolism.
    Objective: 4
    8) Vasoconstrictors have been associated with more drug interactions than
    any other drugs in dentistry.
25. A) True
26. B) False
    Answer: A
    Objective: 4
    9) Most adverse effects with the use of vasoconstrictors are short lived and
    easily managed.
27. A) True
28. B) False
    Answer: A
    Objective: 4
    10) High blood pressure is always a contraindication to the use of
    vasoconstrictors in dentistry.
29. A) True
30. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Avoiding vasoconstrictors based on their impact on blood
    pressure alone may be misguided. Use of a local anesthetic drug without a
    vasoconstrictor may not provide profound or durable anesthesia. The lack of
    profound anesthesia can result in unmanageable pain, which, in turn, can lead
    to a spike in blood pressure due to the release of endogenous epinephrine in
    response to the pain. This endogenous release may be greater than
    administered doses of epinephrine.
    Objective: 4
    11) Epinephrine may be contraindicated for patients with a previous history of
    stroke, radiation therapy, or brittle diabetes.
31. A) True
32. B) False
    Answer: A
    Objective: 4
    12) Levonordefrin is one-tenth as potent as epinephrine.
33. A) True
34. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Levonordefrin is approximately one-sixth as potent as
    epinephrine.
    Objective: 5
    13) Cardiac stimulation from levonordefrin is less compared to epinephrine.
35. A) True
36. B) False
    Answer: A
    Objective: 5
    14) Levonordefrin is a stronger vasoconstrictor compared to epinephrine
    because its primary action is 75% alpha.
37. A) True
38. B) False
    Answer: B
    Explanation: B) Levonordefrin is a weaker vasoconstrictor compared to
    epinephrine. Although its primary action is 75% alpha, it has only one-sixth the
    potency of epinephrine.
    Objective: 5
    15) Levonordefrin is less potent than epinephrine therefore it is formulated as
    1:20,000.
39. A) True
40. B) False
    Answer: A
    Explanation: A) Levonordefrin is less potent than epinephrine therefore it is
    formulated as 1:20,000.
    Objective: 5
    Fill in the blank
    1) The two vasopressors routinely used in dental local anesthetic drugs in
    North America are and .
    Answer: epinephrine, levonordefrin.
    Objective: 2
    2) Epinephrine is an example of a sympathomimetic drug.
    Answer: direct-acting
    Objective: 2
    3) receptors are responsible for smooth muscle contraction in
    peripheral arteries and veins.
    Answer: Alpha1
    Objective: 2
    4) receptors are responsible for cardiac stimulation.
    Answer: Beta1
    Objective: 2
    5) receptors are responsible for smooth muscle relaxation such as
    bronchodilation and vasodilatation.
    Answer: Beta2
    Objective: 2
    6) Two receptors contribute to the potential for cardiac dysrhythmias. They are
    and .
    Answer: beta1, beta2
    Objective: 2
    7) When vasoconstrictors are used, care should be taken to avoid
    or injection into vessels.
    Answer: intravascular injection
    Objective: 2
    8) The maximum dose of epinephrine for a healthy adult is per
    appointment.
    Answer: 0.2 mg
    Objective: 4
    9) The maximum dose of epinephrine for a patient with cardiovascular
    compromise is per appointment.
    Answer: 0.04 mg
    Objective: 4
    10) Norepinephrine has a greater tendency to induce tissue necrosis
    compared with epinephrine and levonordefrin, especially on the .
    Answer: palate
    Objective: 5
    Multiple choice
    1) Which of the following best explains why vasoconstrictors are effective in
    increasing durations for local anesthesia?
41. Primary action on alpha receptors causes contraction of smooth
    muscles in blood vessels
42. Primary action on alpha and beta receptors causes contraction of
    smooth muscles in blood vessels
43. Primary action of beta receptors causes initial contraction of smooth
    muscles in blood vessels followed by vasodilation of blood vessels
44. Primary action on alpha receptors causes initial vasodilation of the
    smooth muscle
45. Answer: A
46.  

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