Test Bank for Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 3rd Edition, Frederic H. Martini, William C. Ober, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew, Kevin F. Petti

TEST BANK FOR VISUAL ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 3RD EDITION, FREDERIC H. MARTINI, WILLIAM Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 3e (Martini) Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1) The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism is termed A) positive feedback. B) homeostasis. C) negative feedback. D) effector control. E) integration. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 2) Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s). A) lymphatic B) urinary C) digestive D) cardiovascular E) urinary and cardiovascular Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 3) Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream? A) cardiovascular B) lymphatic C) respiratory D) digestive E) endocrine Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 4) Anatomy is to ________ as physiology is to ________. A) function; form B) form; structure C) structure; function D) structure; form E) growth; form Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 5) The central principle of physiology is A) nutrition. B) reflexes. C) homeostasis. D) stimulation. E) temperature regulation. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 6) Because the anatomy and physiology of the body's structures are interrelated, it is often said that "form determines ________." A) anatomy B) physiology C) structure D) function E) biology Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 7) A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that A) all organisms are composed of cells. B) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. C) chemical molecules make up cells. D) blood has magical properties. E) congenital defects can be life-threatening. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 8) Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? A) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism B) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism C) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism D) organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system E) organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 9) What is the smallest living level of organization? A) cellular level B) chemical level C) organ level D) organ system level E) tissue level Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 10) Which of the following cell types is long, slender and makes contractions? A) red blood cells B) bone cells C) fat cells D) muscle cells E) white blood cells Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 11) Which type of cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide? A) bone cells B) fat cells C) muscle cells D) white blood cells E) red blood cells Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 12) Which type of cells recycle the calcium and phosphate stored there? A) bone cells B) fat cells C) muscle cells D) nervous cells E) blood cells Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 13) Which type of cells are spherical and contain energy molecules? A) bone cells B) fat cells C) muscle cells D) white blood cells E) red blood cells Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 14) ________ is the study of tissue structures. A) Gross anatomy B) Pathology C) Biology D) Microbiology E) Histology Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 15) Which of the following tissues covers and protects exposed surface areas of the body? A) connective tissue B) muscle tissue C) epithelial tissue D) bone tissue E) nervous tissue Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 16) Which of the following tissues fills internal spaces and provides structural support? A) connective tissue B) muscle tissue C) epithelial tissue D) bone tissue E) nervous tissue Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 17) Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation? A) integumentary B) muscular C) skeletal D) nervous E) endocrine Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 18) Protection from environmental hazards is a function of the ________ system. A) skeletal B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) skeletal and muscular Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 19) Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? A) cardiovascular B) digestive C) muscular D) respiratory E) urinary Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 20) Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the ________ system. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) respiratory D) lymphatic E) digestive Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 21) Which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? A) It releases chemicals that affect other organs or tissues. B) It produces a more rapid response than the nervous system. C) It produces effects that last for days or longer. D) It produces an effect that involves several organs or tissues at the same time. E) It is important in regulating organs and tissues. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 22) The heart is an example of a(n) A) cell. B) tissue. C) organ. D) extracellular fluid. E) organ system. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 23) All of the following are organs of the endocrine system, except A) pituitary. B) thyroid. C) thymus. D) muscle. E) pancreas. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 24) All of the following are structures of the cardiovascular system, except A) the heart. B) arteries. C) the spleen. D) veins. E) capillaries. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 25) Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system. A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) urinary E) lymphatic Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 26) Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition? A) gallbladder B) liver C) stomach D) pancreas E) salivary glands Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 27) What is the primary function of kidneys? A) removes carbon dioxide from the body B) store urine C) regulate blood glucose D) form and concentrate urine E) secret enzymes for digestion Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 28) The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called A) homeostasis. B) disease. C) biology. D) responsiveness. E) adaptability. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 29) Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. A) control center (integrating center); receptor; effector B) receptor; control center (integrating center); effector C) effector; control center (integrating center); receptor D) receptor; effector; control center (integrating center) E) effector; receptor; control center (integrating center) Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 30) When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of A) homeostasis. B) negative feedback. C) illness or disease. D) positive feedback. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 31) If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 32) If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. A) deficit B) negative C) neutral D) polarized E) positive Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 33) When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of A) negative feedback. B) positive feedback. C) nonhomeostatic regulation. D) diagnostic regulation. E) fever. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 34) All of the following participate in thermoregulation, except A) brain. B) skin. C) gastrointestinal system. D) blood vessels. E) sweat glands. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 35) The integrating center for the negative feedback loop that regulates body temperature is the A) brain. B) skin. C) temperature receptor. D) positive feedback center. E) thermostat. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 36) A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) A) receptor. B) thermoregulator. C) control center (integration center). D) effector. E) stimulus. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 37) An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be A) temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus. B) sweat glands that increase secretion. C) regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. D) effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate. E) sweat glands that act like effectors. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 38) All of the following are examples of positive feedback, except A) blood clot formation. B) release of chemicals from the blood vessels after injury. C) decrease bleeding after injury. D) increase heart rate after blood loss. E) relaxation of smooth muscles' blood vessels when body temperature goes up. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 39) Much of the early history in anatomy is tied to what country? A) France B) Italy C) United States D) Spain E) England Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.19 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 40) The quadrants of the abdominopelvic region include all of the following except the A) right upper quadrant (RUQ). B) right lower quadrant (RLQ). C) left upper quadrant (LUQ). D) left lower quadrant (LLQ). E) pelvic quadrant. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 41) Which of the following is not considered an abdominopelvic region? A) right hypochondriac B) right inguinal region C) left lumbar D) left hypochondriac E) upper right Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 42) A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position. A) prone B) supine C) anatomical D) dorsal E) caudal Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 43) A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position. A) supine B) prone C) anatomical D) frontal E) sagittal Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 44) The common term for the carpal region is the A) skull. B) ankle. C) chest. D) wrist. E) leg. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 45) A cut parallel to the midsagittal plane would produce a ________ section. A) superior B) coronal C) transverse D) parasagittal E) frontal Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 46) Which of the following terms refers to the foot? A) cervical B) brachial C) antebrachial D) femoral E) pedal Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 47) The urinary bladder is found in the ________ quadrant and the ________ quadrant. A) right upper; right lower B) left upper; left lower C) right upper; left lower D) right lower; left lower Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 48) The liver is primarily located in the ________ quadrant. A) right upper B) left upper C) right lower D) left lower E) hepatic Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 49) A person lying face down is in the ________ position. A) prone B) supine C) anatomical D) anterior E) posterior Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 50) The anatomical term for the buccal region is the A) buttock. B) cheek. C) head. D) arm. E) foot. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 51) The anatomical name for the pollex is the A) foot. B) hand. C) armpit. D) groin. E) thumb. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 52) The anatomical name for the patellar region is the A) kneecap. B) breast. C) hand. D) neck E) ear. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 53) While standing erect, the direction of caudal is A) upward. B) downward. C) laterally. D) medially. E) None of the answers is correct. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 54) While standing in the anatomical position, A) front refers to posterior. B) front refers to inferior. C) back refers to anterior. D) back refers to superior. E) back refers to dorsal. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 55) Terms of anatomical direction are used to describe A) one body part in relation to another. B) surgical procedures. C) a supine position. D) the nervous system. E) living matter. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 56) The wrist is ________ to the elbow. A) proximal B) distal C) lateral D) medial E) horizontal Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 57) An anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is A) posterior. B) inferior. C) abdominal. D) anterior. E) superior. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 58) Which plane divides the body into right and left parts? A) proximal B) frontal C) orthogonal D) transverse E) sagittal Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 59) A midsagittal section would pass through the A) kidney. B) lung. C) heart. D) spleen. E) leg. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 60) The heart is ________ to the lungs. A) lateral B) medial C) posterior D) proximal E) distal Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 61) The chin is ________ to the nose. A) anterior B) superior C) posterior D) inferior E) medial Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 62) The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ________ from the ________. A) pleural cavity; mediastinum B) thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity C) pericardial cavity; pleural cavity D) abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity E) pericardial sac; pericardial cavity Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 63) The thoracic cavity contains the A) coelom. B) pericardial cavity. C) pelvic cavity. D) pleural cavities. E) pericardial and pleural cavities. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 64) The serous membrane covering the stomach and most of the intestines is called the A) pericardium. B) peritoneum. C) pleura. D) mediastinum. E) abdomen. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 65) Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall? A) stomach B) kidney C) urinary bladder D) large intestine E) spleen Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 66) Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum? A) pericardial sac B) small intestine C) lung D) spleen E) stomach Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 67) The right pleural cavity contains the A) heart. B) trachea. C) left lung. D) right lung. E) left lung and right lung. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 68) Which of the following organs is not contained within the abdominal cavity? A) stomach B) small intestine C) ovary D) spleen E) pancreas Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 69) Visceral pericardium is located A) on the heart itself. B) lining the pleural cavity. C) on the small intestine itself. D) on the lung itself. E) lining the peritoneal cavity. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 70) The mediastinum A) contains the pleural cavities. B) separates the pleural cavities. C) contains the pericardial cavity. D) contains both the pleural and pericardial cavities. E) separates the pleural cavities, and contains the pericardial cavity. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 71) The two major divisions of the ventral body cavity are the A) pelvic and thoracic. B) cranial and sacral. C) lateral and medial. D) thoracic and abdominopelvic. E) dorsal and ventral. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 72) What is human A&P? (Module 1.1A) A) The field of human anatomy and physiology. B) The field of human anthropology and philosophy. C) The field of human action and potential. D) The field of human alliance and power. E) The field of human activity and physics. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 73) Define the term biology. (Module 1.1B) A) Biology is the study of matter and energy. B) Biology is the study of rocks and minerals. C) Biology is the study of human behavior. D) Biology is the study of life. E) Biology is the study of human culture. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 74) What do eye-tracking studies tell us about the most effective way to learn? (Module 1.2A) A) The extrinsic eye muscles are flexible. B) The extrinsic eye muscles develop during reading. C) To read text without looking at art. D) To look at art without reading text. E) To read the text and the art together. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 75) Try this experiment. Pick one of the two examples, cover up the text, and focus solely on the art. What did you discover? (Module 1.2B) A) The art was not clear. B) Text is not helpful for learning A&P. C) The text-art integration is important for understanding what was described. D) The text-art integration was unnecessary. E) Art is not helpful for learning A&P. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 76) Calculate the area in blue. All numbers are in centimeters (cm). If you need help, scan the QR code in the upper right corner on the opposite page. (Module 1.3A) A) 5.12 square centimeters B) 10.24 square centimeters C) 20.48 square centimeters D) 64 square centimeters E) 96 square centimeters Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 77) Look at the woman standing. On which wrist is her bracelet found? (Module 1.4A) A) left B) right Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 78) What is the structure marked with an X in the MRI scan? (Module 1.4B) A) stomach B) aorta C) spleen D) right kidney E) left kidney Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 79) Define module, and state where the learning outcomes appear. (Module 1.5A) A) A module is an independent, self-contained unit about a specific topic. Learning outcomes appear in the upper left-hand corner of each module. B) A module is an independent, self-contained unit about a specific topic. Learning outcomes appear in the lower left-hand corner of each module. C) A module is an independent, self-contained unit about a specific topic. Learning outcomes appear in the lower right-hand corner of each module. D) A module is a chapter containing information over a body system. Learning outcomes appear in the lower right-hand corner of each module. E) A module is a chapter containing information over a body system. Learning outcomes appear in the upper right-hand corner of each module. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 80) What do scientists mean when they use the term "Black Box"? (Module 1.6A) A) Scientists are referring to X-ray units. B) Scientists are referring to missing knowledge. C) Scientists are referring to MRI units. D) Scientists are referring to the known extent of knowledge in A&P. E) Scientists are referring to the limitations and risks of studying the human body. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 81) List the common characteristics shared by all living things. (Module 1.7A) A) growth, development, and reproduction B) regulation, growth, and metabolism C) atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism D) organization, responsiveness, and regulation E) cells, organization, responsiveness, regulation, growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 82) Distinguish between growth and development. (Module 1.7B) A) Growth refers to a decrease in size. Development refers to an increase in size. B) Growth refers to changes that occur in small organisms. Development refers to changes that occur in large organisms. C) Growth refers to an increase in size. Development refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism grows. D) Growth refers to changes in structures and functions as the organism ages. Development refers to an increase in size. E) Growth refers to the ability to maintain homeostasis at a single moment. Development refers to the ability to maintain homeostasis over a lifetime. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 83) Describe the basic processes in humans and other animals. (Module 1.7C) A) digestion, secretion, reabsorption, and excretion B) respiration, digestion, circulation, and excretion C) blood pressure regulation, body fluid regulation, reproduction, and metabolism D) catabolism, anabolism, diffusion, and transportation E) defense, protection, movement, and elimination Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 84) What are the differences between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy? (Module 1.8A) A) Gross anatomy involves the study of tissues; microscopic anatomy involves the study of cells. B) Gross anatomy involves the study of cells; microscopic anatomy involves the study of tissues. C) Gross anatomy involves the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification. D) Gross anatomy is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification; microscopic anatomy is the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye. E) Gross anatomy is the study of internal body structures; microscopic anatomy is the study of how living organisms perform their functions. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 85) Explain the link between anatomy and physiology. (Module 1.8B) A) Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures; physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. B) Anatomy is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions; physiology is the study of internal and external body structures. C) Anatomy is the study of tissues; physiology is the study of organs. D) Anatomy is the study of cells; physiology is the study of tissues. E) Anatomy is the study of body structures that can be seen with the unaided eye; physiology is the study of body structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.8 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 86) Compare the functioning of the elbow joint with a door on a hinge. (Module 1.9A) A) The elbow moves as a ball in socket like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. B) The elbow moves in a single plane like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. C) The elbow moves by twisting like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. D) The elbow moves by rotation and circumduction like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. E) The elbow moves in three planes like the opening and closing of a door on a hinge. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 87) Predict what would happen to the function of a structure if its anatomy were altered. (Module 1.9B) A) The structure's function would not be affected. B) The structure's function would be improved marginally. C) The structure's function would be impaired or eliminated. D) The structure's function would be improved significantly. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 88) Name the simplest level of organization that includes the smallest living units in the body. (Module 1.10A) A) chemical level B) cellular level C) tissue level D) organ level E) organ system level Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 89) Define organ. (Module 1.10B) A) An organ is the smallest living units in the body. B) An organ is the highest level of organization. C) An organ is composed of similar cells working together to perform one or more specific functions. D) An organ is the smallest stable unit of matter and can form molecules. E) An organ is two or more tissues working to perform several functions. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 90) Our understanding of how the human body works is based on a knowledge of which level(s) of organization? (Module 1.10C) A) chemical level B) cellular level C) molecular level D) tissue level E) Knowledge about each level contributes to our total understanding of how the body works. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 91) Name and define the unit used to measure cell size. (Module 1.11A) A) picometer; equal to one-trillionth of a meter B) nanometer; equal to one-billionth of a meter C) centimeter; equal to one-hundredth of a meter D) micrometer; equal to one-millionth of a meter E) millimeter; equal to one-thousandth of a meter Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 92) A red blood cell has a diameter of about 8μm. Use that information to estimate the diameter of the oocyte in micrometers (μm) and millimeters (mm). (1 mm = 1000 μm) (Module 1.11C) A) An oocyte has a diameter about 2 times greater than the red blood cell. B) An oocyte has a diameter about 4 times greater than the red blood cell. C) An oocyte has a diameter about 7 times greater than the red blood cell. D) An oocyte has a diameter about 11 times greater than the red blood cell. E) An oocyte has a diameter about 15 times greater than the red blood cell. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 93) Which two organ systems are involved with circulation within the body? (Module 1.13A) A) digestive and urinary systems B) nervous and endocrine systems C) respiratory and digestive systems D) cardiovascular and lymphatic systems E) cardiovascular and respiratory systems Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 94) Describe the three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation. (Module 1.17B) A) The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the pathway, and the outcome. B) The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the chemical, the membrane, and the receptor. C) The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the afferent signal, the central signal, and the efferent signal. D) The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the set point, the stimulus, and the result. E) The three parts necessary for homeostatic regulation are the receptor, the control center, and the effector. Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 95) The Appendix contains tables of the normal physiological values regarding dissolved materials in various body fluids. Most of these values are listed as ranges, rather than averages. Why? (Module 1.17C) A) Each individual person only has one number at any given time. B) Young people have the lower values and the elderly have the higher values. C) Homeostatic control is not precise, and normal ranges are not fixed with absolute values. D) The lower number of the range represents healthy, normal conditions and the higher number of the range represents disease values. E) Young people have the higher values and the elderly have the lower values. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 96) Which languages are the source of many modern anatomical terms? (Module 1.19A) A) Spanish and French B) English and Italian C) Latin and Greek D) Dutch and German E) Russian and Hindi Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.19 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 97) Define the word eponym. (Module 1.19B) A) Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition in humans that is identical to another anatomical structure or clinical condition in animals. B) Eponym is a term used to describe multiple diseases caused by the same pathology. C) Eponym is a term denoting structures in the body that share the same names. D) Eponym is a term denoting an anatomical structure or clinical condition that is named after a person. E) Eponym is a term denoting the study of anatomy by dissection of cadavers. Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.19 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 98) In what country was cadaver-based anatomy established as a discipline studied by medical professionals? (Module 1.19C) A) England B) France C) Italy D) Australia E) China Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.19 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 99) Describe a person in the anatomical position. (Module 1.20A) A) A person in anatomical position is lying in the fetal position. B) A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet together. C) A person in anatomical position is standing erect, facing the observer, arms are held out with the palms facing down, and the feet are shoulder-length apart. D) A person in anatomical position is lying on their back, arms are by their sides with palms facing down, and the feet together. E) A person in anatomical position is lying on their stomach, arms are held out with palms facing down, and the feet lay shoulder-length apart. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 100) A massage therapist often begins a massage by asking clients to lie face down with their arms at their sides. Which anatomical term describes that position? (Module 1.20B) A) anterior B) posterior C) supine D) prone E) medial Answer: D Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 101) Contrast the descriptions used by clinicians and anatomists when referring to the positions of injuries or internal organs of the abdomen and pelvis. (Module 1.20C) A) Clinicians base their descriptions on a person lying in a prone position, whereas anatomists use a person lying in a supine position. B) Clinicians base their descriptions on a person lying in a supine position, whereas anatomist use a person lying in a prone position. C) Clinicians base their descriptions on four abdominopelvic quadrants, whereas anatomists use nine abdominopelvic regions. D) Clinicians base their descriptions on nine abdominopelvic regions, whereas anatomists use four abdominopelvic quadrants. E) Clinicians base their descriptions on superficial anatomical terms, whereas anatomists use regional anatomical terms. Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 102) What is the purpose of anatomical terms? (Module 1.20D) A) Anatomical terms are used because they provide continuity between organs of humans and animals. B) Anatomical terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body. C) Anatomical terms are used because they give hints about the function of the body part. D) Anatomical terms are used because all organs that perform the same function have the same anatomical term regardless of the organism. E) Anatomical terms are used because they are easier to spell and pronounce than the official standard terms. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 103) In the anatomical position, describe an anterior view and a posterior view. (Module 1.21A) A) In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's face, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's back. B) In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's back, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's face. C) In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's left side, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's right side. D) In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject's right side, whereas a posterior view shows the subject's left side. E) In anatomical position, anterior view shows the subject in cross-section, whereas a posterior view shows the subject in longitudinal section. Answer: A Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 104) What type of section would separate (1) the two eyes? (2) the nose and two ears? (3) the neck and naval? (Module 1.21B) A) (1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) transverse, or horizontal; (3) frontal B) (1) frontal; (2) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (3) transverse, or horizontal C) (1) frontal; (2) transverse, or horizontal; (3) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline) D) (1) transverse, or horizontal; (2) frontal; (3) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline) E) (1) sagittal (or mid-sagittal, if along midline); (2) frontal; (3) transverse, or horizontal Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 105) What is the purpose of directional and sectional terms? (Module 1.21C) A) Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide continuity between organs of humans and animals. B) Directional and sectional terms are used because they provide a standardized frame of reference for describing the human body. C) Directional and sectional terms are used because they give hints about the function of the body part. D) Directional and sectional terms are used because all organs that perform the same function have the same directional and sectional term regardless of the organism. E) Directional and sectional terms are used because they are easier to spell and pronounce than the anatomical terms. Answer: B Learning Outcome: 1.21 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 106) Identify the body cavities of the trunk. (Module 1.22B) A) cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity B) anterior cavity (which contains the peritoneal cavity) and the posterior cavity (which contains the retroperitoneal cavity) C) thoracic cavity (which contains the pleural and pericardial cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities) D) thoracic cavity (which contains the peritoneal, abdominal, and pelvic cavities) and the abdominopelvic cavity (consisting of the pleural and pericardial cavities) E) superior cavity and inferior cavity Answer: C Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 107) If a surgeon makes an incision just inferior to the diaphragm, which body cavity will be opened? (Module 1.22C) A) vertebral cavity B) pleural portion of the thoracic cavity C) pericardial portion of the thoracic cavity D) pelvic portion of the abdominopelvic cavity E) peritoneal portion of the abdominopelvic cavity Answer: E Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying Essay Questions 108) What is homeostatic regulation, and what is its physiological importance? Answer: Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments in physiological systems that are responsible for the preservation of a constant internal environment. This provides a favorable environment for the body's cells. Learning Outcome: 1.7 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 109) Give an example of an abnormality or problem at one level of organization, and explain how it affects other levels of organization. Answer: The levels of organization are dependent upon one another. Beginning with the chemical level, if the incorrect atom is put into a protein, then the protein does not function properly. Because this protein is ultimately part of a cell, or the cell's extracellular matrix, the tissue will not work correctly. It is possible that the type of tissue containing this protein is found in an organ, and possibly in many organs, therefore affecting multiple organ systems. Cystic fibrosis is a great example of a faulting protein that affects multiple organ systems. Learning Outcome: 1.10 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 110) Name two structures and their functions in female reproductive system. Answer: Ovaries: production of oocytes and hormones; uterine tubes: delivery of oocyte or embryo to uterus, site of fertilization; uterus: site of embryonic development and exchange between maternal and fetal bloodstream, shedding of lining during menstruation; vagina: site of sperm deposition, birth canal during delivery, passageway for fluids during menstruation; clitoris: contains erectile tissue for pleasurable sensations during sexual intercourse; labia: contains glands that lubricate entrance to vagina; mammary glands: milk production that nourishes newborn infant Learning Outcome: 1.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 111) Name the two upper abdominal quadrants and list the organs that lie in each. Answer: right upper quadrant (RUQ): right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, large and small intestines; left upper quadrant (LUQ): left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine Learning Outcome: 1.20 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 112) Describe learning classification scheme. (Module 1.5B) Answer: A learning classification scheme identifies the fundamental levels of learning from lower-order thinking skills to higher-order skills. Common terms associated with levels of learning are knowing, remembering, comprehending, understanding, applying, describing, analyzing, explaining, evaluation, measuring, synthesizing, and creating. Learning Outcome: 1.5 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 113) Identify several strategies for success in this course. (Module 1.6B) Answer: Several strategies for success in this course include approaching the information in different ways that may include creating your own diagrams, "teaching" fellow students, and asking questions in class; having a set study schedule with a devoted block of time; mastering memorization; avoiding shortcuts; regularly attending and participating in all class sessions; reading assigned material prior to class; avoiding procrastination; and asking for help immediately if you are having any problems. Learning Outcome: 1.6 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 114) What features are common to forearm movement at an elbow joint and the opening of a cell membrane passageway? (Module 1.9C) Answer: At both the gross anatomical and chemical levels, structure and function are interrelated. The hinge-like movement at the elbow joint depends on the three-dimensional shapes of the joint-forming ends of the humerus and ulna. The opening of a membrane passageway depends on the proper three-dimensional shapes of chemical messenger and the cell's membrane receptor molecule. Learning Outcome: 1.9 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 115) List the three basic principles of the cell theory. (Module 1.11B) Answer: The cell theory holds that (1) cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals, (2) new cells are produced through the division of pre-existing cells, and (3) cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions. Learning Outcome: 1.11 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 116) Describe the general roles of the different types of muscle tissue. (Module 1.12A) Answer: Skeletal muscle moves the bones of the skeleton, cardiac muscle pumps blood through blood vessels, and smooth muscle moves materials along internal passageways. Learning Outcome: 1.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 117) Identify the four primary tissue types, and explain the functions of each. (Module 1.12B) Answer: The body's four primary tissue types that form all body structures are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue covers external and internal surfaces and produces secretions; connective tissue fills internal spaces, provides support, and stores energy; muscle tissue is specialized to contract and produce movement; and nervous tissue transmits information. Learning Outcome: 1.12 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering 118) Using the table as a reference, describe how falling down a flight of stairs could affect at least six of the organ systems. (Module 1.13B) Answer: Falling down a flight of stairs could cause a compound fracture (a broken bone that protrudes through the skin), which could affect (1) the skeletal system (a broken bone), (2) the integumentary system (disruption of skin integrity), (3) the muscular system (broken bone tearing through a muscle), (4) the cardiovascular system (blood loss at the site of injury), (5) the lymphatic system (mobilization of specialized cell to defend against infection), and (6) the nervous system (pain and nerve injury as a result of the trauma). Learning Outcome: 1.13 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 119) How would a nervous system disorder affect the muscular system? (Module 1.14A) Answer: Your answer may differ but could include the following examples of how a disorder of the nervous system affects the muscular system: A spinal cord injury can cause a person to lose mobility, or a nervous system disorder such as Parkinson's disease can cause a person to experience muscle tremors. Learning Outcome: 1.14 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 120) How would a respiratory system disease affect the cardiovascular system? (Module 1.15A) Answer: Your answer may differ but could include the following example of how a respiratory system disease affects the cardiovascular system: A patient has an asthma attack and experiences difficulty in breathing; as a result, the blood cannot be fully oxygenated. Learning Outcome: 1.15 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 121) How would a reproductive system disorder affect the urinary system? (Module 1.16A) Answer: Your answer may differ but could include the following examples of how a reproductive system disorder could affect the urinary system: A sexually transmitted disease that is acquired through the urethra could affect the urinary system if the bacterium travels up to the urinary bladder and kidneys, causing a more serious infection. Learning Outcome: 1.16 Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying 122) Why is homeostatic regulation important to an organism? (Module 1.17A) Answer: Homeostatic regulation is important to an organism because failure to maintain homeostasis leads to illness or death. Learning Outcome: 1.17 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 123) Explain the function of negative feedback systems, and give an example of homeostatic regulation by negative feedback in the body. (Module 1.18A) Answer: Negative feedback systems maintain homeostasis (and provide long-term control over the body's internal conditions and systems) by counteracting any stimulus that moves conditions outside their normal range. An example of homeostatic regulation by negative feedback in the body is temperature regulation. When temperature receptors in the skin and brain detect a rise in body temperature, a negative feedback regulation is initiated. The control centers in the brain receive this input and send commands to effectors, causing skin blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands to secrete. The result is that the body is cooled and homeostasis is achieved. Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 124) Why is positive feedback helpful in blood clotting but unsuitable for regulating body temperature? (Module 1.18B) Answer: Positive feedback is useful in processes that, once begun, must move quickly to completion — for example, blood clotting. It is harmful in situations where stable conditions must be maintained because it tends to exaggerate any departure from the desired condition. Thus, positive feedback in the regulation of body temperature would cause a slight fever to spiral out of control, with fatal results. Learning Outcome: 1.18 Bloom's Taxonomy: Understanding 125) Describe two distinctive features and two essential functions of true body cavities. (Module 1.22A) Answer: True body cavities are (1) lined by a serous membrane and (2) share a common embryonic origin. Two essential functions are (1) protecting internal organs and cushioning them from shocks that occur during activity and (2) allowing organs they enclose to change size and shape without disrupting the activities of nearby organs. Learning Outcome: 1.22 Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering