Test Bank for Understanding the Psychology of Diversity, 4th Edition, Bruce E. Blaine, Kimberly J. McClure Brenchley

TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DIVERSITY, 4TH EDITION, BRUCE E. BLAINE Test Bank for Understanding the Psychology of Diversity, 4th Edition, Bruce E. Blaine, Kimberly J. McClure Brenchley 1. Diversity: the presence of a difference. 2. Melting Pot: ideal that involves the acceptance of others' differences if they are otherwise devoted to the majority group values and goals. (such as hard-working citizens and being responsible) 3. Multiculturalism: beliefs or ideals that promote recognition, appreciation, celebration, and preservation of social difference. 4. Color-Blindness: considering people strictly as individuals and ignoring/de-emphasizing their racial or ethnic group membership. 5. Social Categorization: thinking about people primarily as members of social groups rather than as individuals. 6. Primary Social Categories: notice first and fastest when we think of other people. (sex, race, & age.) 7. Automatic Categorization: what we notice about people (age, sex, & race) that is spontaneous, reflexive, and uncontrollable. 8. Solo Status: Ex. being the only female in a group of males will get you more recognition and attention than being one of the males. 9. In-Group: social groups which we are in and a part of. 10. Out-Group: social groups that we are not in and not a part of. 11. Stereotype: set of beliefs about the members of a social group and usually consists of personality traits, behaviors, and motives. 12. Just World Belief: the belief in a world where people generally get what they deserve. 13. Illusory Correlation: remembering the unusual individual in a group. 14. Cultural Stereotypes: collective views and beliefs about cultural groups. 15. Sub-Typing: categorizing people into a more narrow stereotype instead of the normal, more broad ones. 16. Out-Group Homogeneity Effect: the idea that we tend to think people who are part of an out-group are all alike, and we the people of the in-group are a collective of unique individuals. 17. Ultimate Attribution Error: when explaining the behavior of the out-group individuals, we tend to cite inner causes. when it is the behavior of the in-group, we tend to cite circumstantial or situational factors. Ex. He doesn't have a job because he is lazy. I don't have a job because immigrants are taking all the jobs. 18. Hypodescent: identifying mixed-race people by their socially subordinate parent group. Ex. Asian-White or Black-White 19. Model Minority: the idea that Asian Americans are better at everything. 20 Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: occurs when our expectations for an individual's personality or behavior cause that person to act in ways that confirm our expectations for them. 21. Perceptual Bias: tendency not to notice and more easily forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict prior beliefs. Ex. A teacher has a favorite student, so she ignores the student's poor progress. 22. Synergistic Accumulation: when incorrect/inaccurate beliefs about behavior accumulate, a more potent force for evoking the expected is formed. Ex. Parents overestimated their teen's drinking. The teens showed a higher frequency of drinking in response to their parents. 23. Linguistic Intergroup Bias: tendency to describe positive in- group and negative out-group behaviors more abstractly than negative in-group and positive out-group behaviors. 24. Negation Bias: the idea that something positive will have less effect on someone's behavior and cognition than something equally emotional and negative. 25. Stereotype Consistency Bias: tendency to refer to out-group members in stereotypic terms. 26. Hate Speech: speech motivated, in whole or in part, by an offender's bias against an individual's or group's race, religion, ethnic/national origin, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation. 27. Slurs/Ethnophaulisms: derogatory references to a particular group or to some members of that group. 28. Accents: manners of pronunciation. 29. Prejudice: unjustified negative judgement of an individual based on his or her social group identity. 30. Automatic Component of Prejudice: things we pick up from the environment around us. Ex. A child displays automatic prejudices because they are recipients of their parents' attitudes and biases. 31. Controlled Component of Prejudice: one's own beliefs about people from another group. 32. Justification-Suppression Model of Prejudice: prejudice expressed when our inner feelings and impulses toward socially different others are either insufficiently suppressed or sufficiently justified. Ex. We learn when it is acceptable and when it is not to show out prejudices. 33. Right-Wing Authoritarianism: cluster of traits that values adherence to societal norms and traditions, deference to authorities who are seen as legitimate, and aggressiveness toward people who are seen as challenging to those norms and authorities. 34 Social Dominance Orientation: personality profile that values hierarchal ordering of groups in society and a firm maintenance of that hierarchy. 35. Social Identity Theory: the idea that we look to social categories and group memberships to help identify us. Our social identity can be derived from groups assigned to us (race, age, gender, & religion) or the ones acquired by us (clubs, teams, or organizations.) 36. In-Group Bias: the tendency to evaluate people in one's own group more favorably than people in a comparison out-group. 37. Backlash: social and economic punishments that we apply to social deviants or people who are perceived to violate standards of character or behavior allowed in a group. 38. Relative Deprivation: the experience of being deprived of something to which one believes to be entitled. 39. Realistic Group Conflict: the idea that we evaluate others that are socially different more negatively when we are in competition with them more some valued resource. 40. Terror Management Theory: the realization that we are insignificant creatures living in an unjust and often chaotic world terrorizes us. 41. Modern Prejudice: any expression of prejudice that is subtle, easily justified, and difficult to detect. 42. Symbolic Prejudice: open dislike and derogation of individuals for reasons that are related not to group membership, but to the values attributed tot those individuals. 43. Aversive Prejudice: holding negative feelings about out- group members passively that were inherited from the surrounding culture, while simultaneously affirming the values and cultivating a self-image that is "fair-minded". 44. Secondary Prejudice: knowledge of a persons' suffering, either current or past, increases rather than decreases prejudice towards members of that group. 45. Hate Crime: when a person is criminally victimized because of their race, religion, sexual orientation, or other aspect of their identity. 46. Race: category of people who share the same skin color or associated physical attributes. 47. Ethnicity: cluster of nonphysical cultural characteristics (origin, language, or religion) or sharing of some form of cultural identity. 48. Cultural Stereotype: set of traits and characteristics that people associate with a particular social group. 49. Personal Social Beliefs: aspects of the cultural stereotype of a group that they either believe or do not believe. 50 Colorism: stereotyping and discrimination based on skin color that occurs within a group. 51. Stereotype Content Model: stereotypes about other groups often reflect two content dimensions: competence and sociability. 52. Ambivalence: state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. 53. Racism: behavior that discriminates against a people because of their race. 54. Affirmative Action: enacted to improve and promote equal opportunity in Blacks in college admissions and in the work place. 55. Scapegoats: targets for displaced hostility. Ex. Immigrants who cannot defend themselves against unfair actions of the majority. 56. Obama Effect: the hope that electing the first black president would help the strain of racial relations and issues. 57. White Privilege: state of having advantage and opportunity because of one's white skin color. 58. White Guilt: guilt felt about being white and feeling down about their own skin color and group associated with it. 59. Sex: one's biological category. 60. Gender: traits and abilities associated with males and females. 61. Gender Stereotypes: beliefs about what is and isn't masculine and feminine. 62. Gender Bias: the tendency to value men and masculine traits over women and feminine traits. 63. Hostile Sexism: regards women as inferior to men, assigns women to traditional and subordinate roles, considers women as sexual objects, and believes women are ultimately interested in controlling and dominating men. 64. Benevolent Sexism: regards women as refined objects to be idolized, protected, and cared for. 65. Gender Pay Gap: men earning more than women in the work place performing the same job. 66. Income Entitlement: women feeling/being satisfied with lower pay than a man for the same work. 67. Glass Ceiling: women being underrepresented in high-levels of professions. 68. Maternal Wall: the collective impact of negative stereotyping and behavior toward working mothers on their occupational achievement. 69. Gender Equity: allocating resources, programs, and decision making fairly to both males and females without any discrimination based on sex.