Test Bank for The Psychology of Health and Health Care A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition, Gary Poole, Deborah Hunt Matheson, David N. Cox,

TEST BANK FOR THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE A CANADIAN PERSPECTIVE, 5TH EDITION, GARY POOLE CHAPTER 1 Welcome to Health Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term behavioural medicine emerged because of the a. link between behaviour and germ theory b. activity of micro organisms as a cause of illness c. link between behaviour and health d. identification of illnesses which could not be treated with medicines e. strong influence of psychosomatic medicine Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page: 2 Skill: recall 2. A health psychologist can help a cardiac patient restore his or her quality of life by a. addressing fears of having another heart attack b. setting up a post surgical exercise program c. developing the conviction that change is inevitable d. teaching appropriate dietary skills e. referring the patient to a cardiologist Answer: e Difficulty: easy Page: 3 Skill: recall 3. The term Health Psychology replaced Behavioural Medicine as the preferred name for a new discipline linking psychology and health. The reason for this eventual name change was a. The term Health Psychology includes the treatment of illness b. Health Psychology also includes health maintenance c. Health Psychology includes behavioural, cognitive and social perspectives d. Behavioural medicine was too closely linked to animal studies e. Psychosomatic medicine was too closely linked to psychoanalysis Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 2 Skill: recall 4. new The discovery that many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria is known as a. psychosomatic medicine b. germ theory c. behavioural medicine d. psychoneuroimmunology e. biopsychosocial approach Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page: 3 Skill: recall 5. In 1983 Neal Miller, a behaviourist, identified non-compliance with medical regimens as an important problem that can be explained in terms of what he called a gradient of reinforcement. By this he meant that the ____________ the lag time between behaviour and the reinforcer, the ____________ the behaviour would be. a. greater, weaker b. greater, stronger c. shorter, weaker d. shorter, stronger e. longer, stronger Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 3-4 Skill: recall 6. Larry went to the physician for an annual physical exam not prompted by any complaint. He was told that his blood pressure was high and that he needed to start an exercise program and to stop smoking. Furthermore, his father just had a stroke the previous week. Which of the following would be the only reason that Larry might be compliant with physician’s instructions according to Miller? a. a change in behaviour will result in delayed gratification b. his condition was asymptomatic c. smoking is considered socially undesirable d. his father just had a stroke the previous week e. Larry recognizes that he is out of shape Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 4 Skill: applied 7. Although all of the following behaviours have been linked to coronary heart disease (CHD), the one behaviour shown to significantly increase the risk of heart disease is: a. hostility b. Type A Behaviour c. achievement orientation d. time urgency e. prone to anger Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 5 Skill: applied 8. Identifying the Type A Coronary Prone Behaviour pattern was most beneficial because it a. linked germ theory and coronary heart disease b. generated research attempting to link psychology with health c. attempted to identify the frequency of coronary heart disease d. stimulated behaviour change in the general population e. it decreased the incidence of heart attacks Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 5 Skill: recall 9. The application of psychological principles to the understanding of and improvement of health refers to the work of a. behaviourists b. clinical psychologists c. counselling psychologists d. health psychologists e. psychoanalysts Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 2 Skill: recall 10. Germ theory, which is based on the discovery that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, produced the following important development in medicine a. the success of antibiotics changed the profile of life-threatening illnesses b. all diseases could now be treated successfully with antibiotics c. germ theory stimulated the development of the biopsychosocial perspective d. health was viewed as a product of what we do, not what we think e. prevention became legitimate form of medical treatment Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 3 Skill: applied 11. Which of the following is the leading cause of death in Canada? a. circulatory diseases b. infectious diseases c. respiratory diseases d. cancer e. smoking Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 7 Skill: recall 12. Suzanne Miller identified two patterns of coping strategies which influence whether or not an individual will seek information in times of stress. The information seekers are called a. blunters b. monitors c. avoiders d. problem solvers e. emotional risk takers Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 6 Skill: recall 13. Significantly more people will follow instructions to take an antibiotic to relieve a painful ear infection than will change their lifestyle to reduce high blood pressure. The behavioural explanation for this phenomenon is a. delayed gratification theory b. asymptomatic conditioning theory c. the Health Belief Model d. behavioural non-compliance e. reasoned action Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 4 Skill: applied 14. The study of compliance was important because a. it lead to a more in depth study of the physician-patient relationship b. most patients were not complying with physician recommendations c. physicians were frustrated because patients were uncooperative d. drug costs were escalating e. non-compliance is very expensive Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 6 Skill: recall 15. Some time around the middle of the twentieth century the major source of life threatening conditions became a. superbugs b. bacteria c. lifestyle d. environmental carcinogens e. animals Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page: 7-8 Skill: recall 16. In understanding the cause of health related conditions such as heart attack, we must consider a. both biological and psychological causes b. biological, psychological and sociological causes c. psychological, sociological and environmental causes d. biological and environmental causes e. biological, psychological, sociological and environmental causes Answer: e Difficulty: easy Page: 2 Skill: recall 17. A branch of medicine concerned with the relationship between health and behaviour is a. psychoneuroimmunology b. rehabilitation c. behavioural medicine d. biomedicine e. epidemiology Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 2 Skill: recall 18. From the biopsychosocial model, psychological causal factors of interest in the common cold would be a. viruses and the spread of infection b. stress c. exposure to an infected person d. the statistical probability of catching a cold e. subsidized inoculation programs Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 10-11 Skill: applied 19. The biomedical model suggests that a. health is best understood in terms of our biology b. health is best understood in terms of biology and medicine c. health is best understood in terms of psychological factors d. health is best understood in terms of medicine e. health is best understood in terms of the patient-physician relationship Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 11 Skill: recall 20. Jenna has recently been diagnosed as having cancer. The best treatment approach for a patient with cancer would be a. a biomedical approach b. a psychosocial approach c. a biopsychosocial approach d. alternative medicine approach e. a risk reduction approach Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page: 11-12 Skill: applied 21. The health belief model has been used extensively in predicting behaviours associated with a. dental hygiene b. AIDS risk related behaviour c. having plastic surgery d. finding a family physician e. joining a fitness club Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 15-16 Skill: recall 22. The extent to which you think a course of action will actually work to reduce a threat is called a. a response efficacy belief b. a cost gain belief c. a biomedical belief d. risk reduction belief e. the capacity to believe Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 13 Skill: recall 23. One important assumption of the Theory of Reasoned Action that is different from the Health Belief Model is a. that health behaviours are explained by our health beliefs b. a person’s beliefs regarding the subjective norm c. a person’s belief that a health threat exists d. the belief that a given course of action will affect a health threat e. a person’s intent to act Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 16 Skill: recall 24. In the case of the health belief model, the particular behaviour will not follow unless the person a. truly believes b. is from a wealthy family c. values good health d. is healthy to begin with e. is young and motivated Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 16 Skill: recall 25. The notion of internal perceived behavioural control makes more sense to people who have been raised in a(n) a. Asian culture b. Individualist culture c. Collectivist culture d. Health conscious culture e. Culture with universal medical care Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Page: 22 Skill: recall I 26. Beliefs regarding what others think we should do and the extent to which we are motivated to go along with other people are called a. objective norms b. subjective norms c. efficacy beliefs d. cost-gain beliefs e. social facilitation Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page: 16 Skill: recall 27. The only difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour is the addition of the belief that a a. person is actually capable of performing the behaviour b. behaviour is preceded by intention c. health threat exists d. given course of action will affect the threat e. society approves of the behaviour Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page 19 Skill: recall 28. Jas, a high school student, has decided that he will not drink at his graduation dance. It has been shown that having made that decision there is a greater likelihood that he will follow through. Which theory most accurately applies in Jas’s case? a. Theory of Planned Behaviour b. Theory of Reasoned Action c. The Health Belief Model d. Psychological Impact Model e. Early Commitment Model Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 19 Skill: applied 29. Which of the following is not an element of the theory of planned behaviour as it might be applied to predict whether Alan will attend a Healthy Heart Program? a. Belief about the efficacy of the program b. Value placed on being healthy c. Subjective norms d. Perceived behavioural control e. Internal Cognitive Control Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 14 Skill: applied 30. One reason Health Psychology has come into prominence is the a. change in mortality statistics over the twentieth century b. link between unemployment and health c. acknowledgement of the World Health Organization d. establishment of the Health Psychology section in the Canadian Psychological Association e. recognition that psychological health is important to physical well being Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 7 Skill: recall 31. For victims of heart attack such as the example of Alan, Health Psychology can provide a. little because it is too late to prevent the attack b. methods for implementing lifestyle change c. mortality statistics d. cross cultural comparisons e. cardiac treatment recommendations Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page 10 Skill: recall 32. Whether or not you engage in exercise behaviour will depend largely on a. your belief that the long term gain from exercise will outweigh the immediate costs b. your social economic status c. your perception of people who exercise d. your perception of yourself, exercising e. your previous exercise experiences Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page: 13 Skill: recall 33. In making the decision to comply with medical advice, one will likely assess the costs involved. This refers to the a. response efficacy belief b. cost-gain belief c. health belief costs d. theory of reasoned action e. theory of planned behaviour Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page: 13 Skill: recall 34. The health belief model is most predictive for people who a. are men b. place a high value on their health c. feel personally vulnerable d. want to avoid visiting the doctor e. are religious Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page: 15 Skill: recall 35. In applying the Health Belief Model to the decision to have back surgery a patient must first a. acknowledge that a health threat exists b. consult with his/her family member to see what they think c. try every possible medical treatment d. check the internet for possible alternative treatments e. find out what others in the same situation have done Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page 16 Skill: applied 36. According to the theory of reasoned action, our ___________________ and our _____________ determine our intention regarding the behaviour. a. subjective norms and objective norms b. outcomes and consequences c. thinking and intention d. subjective norms and attitudes e. attitudes and behaviour Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page 16 Skill: applied 37. The main distinguishing feature between the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action is a. other people’s beliefs b. outcome expectancies c. health values d. efficacy beliefs e. locus of control Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 16 Skill: applied 38. The predictive power of the Theory of Reasoned Action over the health belief model is increased when applied to a. cancer screening b. exercise Behaviour c. smoking Behaviour d. HIV and AID prevention e. exercise behaviour Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page: 18 Skill: recall 39. The difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour is the notion of a. intention b. perceived behavioural control c. social norms d. severity of consequences e. vulnerability Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page: 19 Skill: recall 40. The Stages of Change model identifies six stages. Which of the following is the correct order of these stages? a. action, precontemplation, contemplation, termination, maintenance, relapse b. precontemplation, contemplation, action, termination, maintenance relapse c. precontemplation, contemplation, action, relapse, termination, maintenance d. relapse, precontemplation, contemplation, termination, maintenance e. contemplation, action, precontemplation, termination, relapse, maintenance Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page 20 Skill: recall 41. The most valuable contribution of the stages of change model is that a. smoking behaviour can be explained b. procrastination is understood c. one can join a support group of people at the same stage d. relapse is not considered failure e. motivation is recognized Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page 21 Skill: recall 42. The notion of internal perceived behavioural control tends to make more sense to people who have been raised in a. upper socioeconomic conditions b. lower socioeconomic conditions c. individualist cultures d. collectivist cultures e. primitive cultures Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page 21 Skill: recall 43. Motivational models address ______________ while Behavioural enaction models address the _______________ . a. intention; gap between intention and behaviour b. beliefs; actions required to change behaviour c. thinking; behaviour d. implementation; underlying motivation e. goals; rewards for behavioural change Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 12 & 19 Skill: recall 44. Bagozzi’s Goal Theory is a. similar to the Stages of Change Model b. an example of a motivational model c. includes the possibility of fear of success or fear of failure d. similar to the Health Belief model but has an end goal e. an example of a multi-stage modelgo through stages of change to implement a program Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 20 Skill: recall 45. The three most common topics addressed by hospital psychologists are a. pain, eating disorders and cancer b. cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes c. cardiovascular disease, spinal cord injuries, caner d. cardiovascular disease, pain, cancer e. respiratory disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Page: 23 Skill: recall 46. Gollwitzer’s implementation intentions model posits that if people have a ________________________, they will be much more likely to engage in the behaviour. a. life coach b. life partner c. implementation plan d. goal e. possibility of success Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page: 20 Skill: recall 47. Which of the following does not describe a psychologist who conducts research in health psychology? a. Holds a doctoral degree b. Works in c. epidemiology d. biopsychology e. health psychology Answer: c Difficulty: easy Page: 23 Skill: recall 48. Which of the following does not describe a distinguishing difference between Clinical and Counselling Psychologists? a. Clinical and Counselling Psychologists require different training b. Clinical Psychologists usually have a year of internship c. Counselling psychologists do not require a Ph.D. d. Only Clinical Psychologists can work in health care facilities e. Salaries tend to be lower for Counselling Psychologists Answer: d Difficulty: easy Page: 22-23 Skill: recall 49. New The arrival of health psychology as a subdiscipline in psychology is attributed to a. Miller’s article on behavioural medicine b. Matarazzo proposing the first definition c. Friedman and Rosenman identifying Type A behaviour patterns d. WHO promotes the notion of being “healthy” e, The discovery of germ theory Answer: a Difficulty: easy Page 3 Skill: recall 50. New Which of the following is an example of a motivational model of health behaviour a. Gollwitzer’s Implementation Intentions Model b. Bagozzi’s Goal Theory c. Health Action Process Approach d. Stages of Change Model e. Health Belief Model Answer: e Difficulty: easy Page 19-20 Skill: recall 51. The extent to which our immune system is functioning properly to ward of microorganisms is called a. psychoneuroimmunology b. immunocompetence c. behavioural medicine d. biomedical model e. germ theory Answer: b Difficulty: easy Page 6 Skill: recall 52. Behaviour Enaction Models attempt to address the gap between a. intention and emotion b. internal intention and external intention c. intention and behaviour d. perceived behavioural control and actual behavioural control e. attitudes and behaviour Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Page 19 Skill: recall 53. Abdul believes that flu is a real threat to his health during the school term. He also believes that getting a vaccination will prevent or at least diminish his risk of getting ill. If Abdul decides to get the flu shot, we can explain his behaviour best by the a. Theory of Reasoned Action b. Theory of Planned Behaviour c. Stages of Change Model d. Health Belief Model e. Health Action Process Approach Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Page 16 Skill: applied Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Alan was admitted to hospital with classic symptoms of a heart attack. Using the biopsycosocial model discuss the causes which may have contributed to Alan’s condition. Difficulty: moderate Page: 2, 10-12 Skill: applied 2. Following Neal Miller’s initial review of the field in 1983, several perspectives in addition to the behavioural medicine approach, contributed to the development of Health Psychology. Describe these perspectives and give an example of how they have contributed to the current status of Health Psychology. Difficulty: moderate Page: 3-4 Skill: recall 3. What is psychoneuroimmunology? Conclude your answer by explaining immunocompetence. Difficulty: easy Page: 6-7 Skill: recall 4. Identify the factors which led to the growing prominence of Health Psychology as a discipline. Difficulty: easy Page: 3-9 Skill: recall 5. Describe the Health Belief Model and provide an example of how it can be used to predict health behaviours. Difficulty: moderate Page: 13-16 Skill: recall 6. John has been smoking for 20 years. He has developed emphysema (a respiratory problem) and has been told to stop smoking. He enjoys smoking, has seen friends struggle with stopping and doesn’t think that it would help anyway. Based on the Health Belief Model would you predict that John will stop smoking? Support your answer. Difficulty: moderate Page: 13-16 Skill: applied 7. Joan had a breast lumpectomy for the treatment of cancer. The following year she underwent a bilateral mastectomy to further control the spread of cancer. At that time, Joan was given a choice between chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It was recommended that she have both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Using the Health Belief Model predicts whether or not Joan will agree to the combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Support your answer. Difficulty: moderate Page: 13-16 Skill: applied 8. Compare the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action. Difficulty: moderate Page: 16-19 Skill: applied 9. What are the most common health concerns addressed by hospital psychologists?. Difficulty: easy Page: 23 Skill: recall 10. Compare the biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model of health. What are the implications of accepting one model over the other? Difficulty: moderate Page: 10-11 Skill: applied 11. Apply the Stages of Change Model to smoking cessation. Identify each stage and describe the smoker’s behaviour at that particular stage. Difficulty: easy Page: 20-21 Skill: recall 12. Explain Miller’s model of non-compliance using the language of behaviourism. Difficulty: moderate Page 3-4 Skill: recall 13. Distinguish between the following terms: behavioural medicine, health psychology. biopsychosocial approach Difficulty: easy Page 2-4,10 Skill: recall 14. Why has health psychology grown so quickly in recent years? Difficulty: moderate Page 7-9 Skill: recall 15. Describe the differences between the Motivational Models of health behaviour and the Behaviour Enaction Models providing an example of each. Difficulty: moderate Page 12-20 Skill: recall