Test Bank for A History of Western Society, Combined Edition 14th Edition by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Clare Haru Crowston, Joe Perry

Test Bank for A History of Western Society, Combined Edition 14th Edition by Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, Clare Haru Crowston, Joe Perry TEST BANK FOR A HISTORY OF WESTERN SOCIETY, COMBINED EDITION 14 TH EDITION BY MERRY E. WIESNER-HANKS; CLARE HARU CROWSTON; JOE PERRY Table of Contents Chapter 1: Origins to 1200 B.C.E. What do we mean by "the West" and "Western civilization"? Describing the West What Is Civilization? How did early human societies create new technologies and cultural forms? From the First Hominids to the Paleolithic Era Domestication Implications of Agriculture Trade and Cross-Cultural Connections What kind of civilization did the Sumerians build in Mesopotamia? Environment and Mesopotamian Development The Invention of Writing and the First Schools Religion in Mesopotamia Sumerian Politics and Society How did the Akkadian and Old Babylonian empires develop in Mesopotamia? The Akkadians and the Babylonians Life Under Hammurabi Cultural Exchange in the Fertile Crescent How did the Egyptians establish a prosperous and long-lasting society? The Nile and the God-King Egyptian Religion Egyptian Society and Work Egyptian Family Life The Hyksos and New Kingdom Revival Conflict and Cooperation with the Hittites LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Thinking Like a Historian: Addressing the Gods Evaluating Written Evidence: Hammurabi’s Code on Marriage and Divorce Viewpoints: Faulty Merchandise in Babylon and Egypt Evaluating Visual Evidence: Egyptian Family Life Individuals in Society: Hatshepsut Chapter 2: Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East 1200–510 B.C.E. How did iron technology shape new states after 1200 B.C.E.? Iron Technology The Decline of Egypt and the Emergence of Kush The Rise of Phoenicia How did the Hebrews create an enduring religious tradition? The Hebrew State The Jewish Religion Hebrew Family and Society How did the Assyrians and Neo-Babylonians gain and lose power? Assyria’s Long Road to Power Assyrian Rule and Culture The Neo-Babylonian Empire How did the Persians conquer and rule their extensive empire? Consolidation of the Persian Empire Persian Religion Persian Art and Culture LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Individuals in Society: King Taharqa of Kush and Egypt Thinking Like a Historian: The Moral Life Viewpoints Rulers and Divine Favor: Views of Cyrus the Great Evaluating Written Evidence: Manumission of an Enslaved Woman and Her Daughter Evaluating Visual Evidence: Assyrians Besiege a City   Chapter 3: The Development of Greek Society and Culture ca. 3000–338 B.C.E. How did the geography of Greece shape its earliest kingdoms? Geography and Settlement The Minoans The Mycenaeans Homer Hesiod and the Epic What was the role of the polis in Greek society? Organization of the Polis Governing Structures Overseas Expansion The Growth of Sparta The Evolution of Athens How did the wars of the classical period shape Greek history? The Persian Wars Growth of the Athenian Empire The Peloponnesian War The Struggle for Dominance Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy What ancient Greek ideas and ideals have had a lasting influence? Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles Households and Work Gender and Sexuality Public and Personal Religion The Flowering of Philosophy LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Thucydides on the Great Plague at Athens Evaluating Visual Evidence: The Acropolis of Athens Viewpoints: Greek Playwrights on Families Fate and Choice Individuals in Society: Aristophanes Thinking Like a Historian: Gender Roles in Classical Athens   Chapter 4: Life in the Hellenistic World 338–30 B.C.E. How and why did Alexander the Great create an empire and how did it evolve? Military Campaigns The Political Legacy How did Greek ideas and traditions spread to create a Hellenized society? Urban Life Greeks in Hellenistic Cities Greeks and Non-Greeks What characterized the Hellenistic economy? Rural Life Production of Goods Commerce How did religion philosophy and the arts reflect and shape Hellenistic life? Religion and Magic Hellenism and the Jews Philosophy and the People Art and Drama How did science and medicine serve the needs of Hellenistic society? Science Medicine LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Greek Historians on Alexander the Great Evaluating Visual Evidence: Bactrian Disk with Religious Figures Evaluating Written Evidence: A Hellenistic Spell of Attraction Individuals in Society: Epicurus Thinking Like a Historian: Hellenistic Medicine   Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome ca. 1000–27 B.C.E. How did the Romans become the dominant power in Italy? The Geography of Italy The Etruscans The Founding of Rome The Roman Conquest of Italy What were the key institutions of the Roman Republic? The Roman State Social Conflict in Rome How did the Romans build a Mediterranean empire? The Punic Wars Rome Turns East How did expansion affect Roman society and culture? Roman Families New Social Customs and Greek Influence Opposing Views: Cato the Elder and Scipio Aemilianus What led to the fall of the Roman Republic? The Countryside and Land Reforms Political Violence Civil War and the Rise of Julius Caesar LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Praise of Good Women in the Eulogy for Murdia and the Turia Inscription Evaluating Visual Evidence: The Temple of Hercules Victor Thinking Like a Historian: Land Ownership and Social Conflict in the Late Republic Evaluating Written Evidence: Julius Caesar on the Gauls Individuals in Society: Queen Cleopatra   Chapter 6: The Roman Empire 27 B.C.E.–284 C.E. How did Augustus and Roman elites create a foundation for the Roman Empire? Augustus and His Allies Roman Expansion Latin Literature Marriage and Morality How did the Roman state develop after Augustus? The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty What was life like in the city of Rome and in the provinces? Life in Imperial Rome Approaches to Urban Problems Popular Entertainment Prosperity in the Roman Provinces Trade and Commerce How did Christianity grow into a major religious movement? Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity The Life and Teachings of Jesus The Spread of Christianity The Growing Acceptance and Evolution of Christianity What political and economic problems did Rome face in the third century C.E.? Civil Wars and Military Commanders Turmoil in Economic Life LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Thinking Like a Historian: Army and Empire Evaluating Visual Evidence: Ara Pacis Augustae Viewpoints: The Pax Romana Evaluating Written Evidence: Ovid The Art of Love Individuals in Society: Pliny the Elder   Chapter 7: Late Antiquity 250–600 How did Diocletian and Constantine try to reform the empire? Political Measures Economic Issues The Acceptance of Christianity How did the Christian Church become a major force in the Mediterranean and Europe? The Church and Its Leaders The Development of Christian Monasticism Monastery Life Christianity and Classical Culture Christian Notions of Gender and Sexuality Saint Augustine on Human Nature Will and Sin What were the key characteristics of barbarian society? Village and Family Life Tribes and Hierarchies Customary and Written Law Celtic and Germanic Religion How did the barbarian migrations shape Europe? Celtic and Germanic People in Gaul and Britain Visigoths and Huns Germanic Kingdoms and the End of the Roman Empire How did the church convert barbarian peoples to Christianity? Missionaries’ Actions The Process of Conversion How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the legacy of Rome? Sources of Byzantine Strength The Law Code of Justinian Byzantine Learning and Science The Orthodox Church LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Individuals in Society: Macrina the Younger Viewpoints: Roman and Byzantine Views of Barbarians Thinking Like a Historian: Slavery in Roman and Germanic Society Evaluating Written Evidence: Gregory of Tours on the Veneration of Relics Evaluating Visual Evidence: Mosaic of Empress Theodora   Chapter 8: Europe in the Early Middle Ages 600–1000 What were the origins of Islam and what impact did it have on Europe as it spread? The Culture of the Arabian Peninsula The Prophet Muhammad The Teachings and Expansion of Islam Sunni and Shi’a Divisions Life in Muslim Spain Muslim-Christian Encounters Cross-Cultural Influences in Science and Medicine How did the Franks build and govern a European empire? The Merovingians The Rise of the Carolingians The Warrior-Ruler Charlemagne Carolingian Government and Society The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne What were the significant intellectual and cultural developments in Charlemagne’s era? The Carolingian Renaissance Northumbrian Learning and Writing How did the ninth-century invasions and migrations shape Europe? Vikings in Western Europe Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe Magyars and Muslims How and why did Europe become politically and economically decentralized in this period? Decentralization and the Origins of "Feudalism" Manorialism Serfdom and the Slave Trade LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: The Muslim Conquest of Spain Evaluating Visual Evidence: Charlemagne and His Second Wife Hildegard Individuals in Society: The Venerable Bede Evaluating Written Evidence: The Death of Beowulf Thinking Like a Historian: Vikings Tell Their Own Story   Chapter 9: State and Church in the High Middle Ages 1000–1300 How did monarchs try to centralize political power? England France Central Europe Italy The Iberian Peninsula How did the administration of law evolve in this period? Local Laws and Royal Courts The Magna Carta Law in Everyday Life What were the political and social roles of nobles? Origins and Status of the Nobility Training Marriage and Inheritance Power and Responsibility How did the papacy reform the church and what were the reactions to these efforts? The Gregorian Reforms Emperor Versus Pope Criticism and Heresy The Popes and Church Law What roles did monks nuns and friars play in medieval society? Monastic Revival Life in Convents and Monasteries The Friars What were the causes course and consequences of the Crusades and the broader expansion of Christianity? Background and Motives of the Crusades The Course of the Crusades Consequences of the Crusades The Expansion of Christianity Christendom LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Oaths of Fealty Evaluating Written Evidence: Pope Boniface VIII Unam Sanctam Evaluating Visual Evidence: Illustrations from the Life of St. Edmund Individuals in Society: Hildegard of Bingen Thinking Like a Historian: Christian and Muslim Views of the Crusades   Chapter 10: Life in Villages and Cities of the High Middle Ages 1000–1300 What was village life like in medieval Europe? Serfdom and Social Mobility The Manor Work Home Life Childbirth and Childhood How did religion shape everyday life in the High Middle Ages? Christian Life in Medieval Villages Saints and Sacraments Muslims and Jews Rituals of Marriage and Birth Death and the Afterlife What led to Europe’s economic growth and reurbanization? The Rise of Towns Merchant and Craft Guilds The Revival of Long-Distance Trade Business Procedures The Commercial Revolution What was life like in medieval cities? City Life Servants and the Poor Popular Entertainment How did universities serve the needs of medieval society? Origins Legal and Medical Training Theology and Philosophy University Students How did literature and architecture express medieval values? Vernacular Literature and Drama Churches and Cathedrals LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Thinking Like a Historian: Social and Economic Relations in Medieval English Villages Individuals in Society: Cecilia Penifader Evaluating Written Evidence: Apprenticeship Contract for a Money-Changer Evaluating Visual Evidence: Healthy Living Viewpoints: Male and Female Troubadours   Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages 1300–1450 How did climate change shape the late Middle Ages? Climate Change and Famine Social Consequences How did the plague affect European society? Pathology Spread of the Disease Care of the Sick Economic Religious and Cultural Effects What were the causes course and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War? Causes English Successes Joan of Arc and France’s Victory Aftermath Why did the church come under increasing criticism? The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism Critiques Divisions and Councils Lay Piety and Mysticism What explains the social unrest of the late Middle Ages? Peasant Revolts Urban Conflicts Sex in the City Fur-Collar Crime Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions Literacy and Vernacular Literature LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Italian and English Views of the Plague Evaluating Visual Evidence: Dance of Death Evaluating Written Evidence: The Trial of Joan of Arc Individuals in Society: Meister Eckhart Thinking Like a Historian: Popular Revolts in the Late Middle Ages   Chapter 12: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance 1350–1550 How did political and economic developments in Italy shape the Renaissance? Trade and Prosperity Communes and Republics of Northern Italy City-States and the Balance of Power What new ideas were associated with the Renaissance? Humanism Education Political Thought Christian Humanism The Printed Word How did art reflect new Renaissance ideals? Patronage and Power Changing Artistic Styles The Renaissance Artist What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe? Race and Slavery Wealth and the Nobility Gender Roles How did nation-states develop in this period? France England Spain LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Venice Versus Florence Individuals in Society: Leonardo da Vinci Thinking Like a Historian: Humanist Learning Evaluating Written Evidence: Christine de Pizan The Treasure of the City of Ladies Evaluating Visual Evidence: Andrea Mantegna Adoration of the Magi (c. 1495-1505)   Chapter 13: Reformations and Religious Wars 1500–1600 What were the central ideas of the reformers and why were they appealing to different social groups? The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century Martin Luther Protestant Thought The Appeal of Protestant Ideas The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants’ War Marriage Sexuality and the Role of Women How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation? The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands? Scandinavia Henry VIII and the Reformation in England Upholding Protestantism in England Calvinism The Reformation in Eastern Europe What reforms did the Catholic Church make and how did it respond to Protestant reform movements? Papal Reform and the Council of Trent New and Reformed Religious Orders What were the causes and consequences of religious violence including riots wars and witch-hunts? French Religious Wars The Netherlands Under Charles V The Great European Witch-Hunt LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Martin Luther On Christian Liberty Individuals in Society: Anna Jansz of Rotterdam Evaluating Visual Evidence: Lucas de Heere Allegory of the Tudor Succession 1572 Thinking Like a Historian: Social Discipline in the Reformation Viewpoints: Catholic and Calvinist Churches   Chapter 14: European Exploration and Conquest 1450–1650 What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus? The Trade World of the Indian Ocean The Trading States of Africa The Middle East Genoese and Venetian Middlemen How and why did Europeans undertake ambitious voyages of expansion? Causes of European Expansion Technology and the Rise of Exploration The Portuguese Overseas Empire Spain’s Voyages to the Americas Spain "Discovers" the Pacific Early Exploration by Northern European Powers What was the impact of European conquest on the New World? Conquest of the Aztec Empire The Fall of the Incas Portuguese Brazil Colonial Empires of England and France Colonial Administration How did Europe and the world change after Columbus? Economic Exploitation of the Indigenous Population Society in the Colonies Population Loss and the Ecological Impacts of Contact Sugar and Slavery Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects The Birth of the Global Economy How did expansion change European attitudes and beliefs? Religious Conversion European Debates About Indigenous Peoples New Ideas About Race Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity William Shakespeare and His Influence LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Columbus Describes His First Voyage Thinking Like a Historian: Who Was Doña Marina? Individuals in Society: Catarina de San Juan Viewpoints: Aztec and Spanish Views on Christian Conversion in New Spain Evaluating Visual Evidence: Andrés Sánchez Gallque The Mulatto Gentlemen of Esmeraldas 1599   Chapter 15: Absolutism and Constitutionalism ca. 1589–1725 What were the crises and achievements of seventeenth-century European states? The Social Order and Peasant Life Environmental Economic and Social Crisis The Thirty Years’ War State-Building and the Growth of Armies Baroque Art and Music What was absolutism and how did it evolve in western and central Europe? The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century The Foundations of French Absolutism Louis XIV and Absolutism Life at Versailles Louis XIV’s Wars The French Economic Policy of Mercantilism What explains the rise of absolutism in Prussia and Austria? The Return of Serfdom The Austrian Habsburgs Prussia in the Seventeenth Century The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism What were the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism? Mongol Rule in Russia and the Rise of Moscow Building the Russian Empire The Reforms of Peter the Great The Ottoman Empire What were alternatives to absolutism in early modern Europe? The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Failure of Absolutism in England The Puritan Protectorate The Restoration of the English Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Thinking Like a Historian: What Was Absolutism? Evaluating Written Evidence: Peter the Great and Foreign Experts Individuals in Society: Hürrem Viewpoints: Stuart Claims to Absolutism and the Parliamentary Response Evaluating Visual Evidence: Gonzales Coques The Young Scholar and His Wife 1640   Chapter 16: Toward a New Worldview 1540–1789 What revolutionary discoveries were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Contributions from the Muslim World Scientific Thought to 1500 The Copernican Hypothesis Brahe Kepler and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right Newton’s Synthesis Natural History and Empire Magic and Alchemy What intellectual and social changes occurred as a result of the Scientific Revolution? The Methods of Science: Bacon and Descartes Medicine the Body and Chemistry Science and Religion Science and Society How did the Enlightenment emerge and what were major currents of Enlightenment thought? The Early Enlightenment The Influence of the Philosophes Enlightenment Movements Across Europe How did the Enlightenment change social ideas and practices? Global Contacts Enlightenment Debates About Race Women and the Enlightenment Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere What impact did new ways of thinking have on politics? Frederick the Great of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia The Austrian Habsburgs Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Galileo Galilei The Sidereal Messenger Thinking Like a Historian: The Enlightenment Debate on Religious Tolerance Viewpoints: Rousseau and Wollstonecraft Debate Women’s Equality Evaluating Visual Evidence: Léonard Defrance and the Public Sphere Individuals in Society: Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment   Chapter 17: The Expansion of Europe 1650–1800 Why did European agriculture grow between 1650 and 1800? The Legacy of the Open-Field System New Methods of Agriculture The Leadership of the Low Countries and England Why did the European population rise dramatically in the eighteenth century? Long-Standing Obstacles to Population Growth The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century How and why did rural industry intensify in the eighteenth century? The Putting-Out System The Lives of Rural Textile Workers The Industrious Revolution What important changes occurred in economic thought and practice in the eighteenth century? Economic Regulation and the Guilds The Financial Revolution Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism How did empire and trade shape new economic cultural and social developments? Mercantilism and Colonial Competition The Atlantic Economy The Transatlantic Slave Trade Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World The Atlantic Enlightenment Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Thomas Malthus on the Limitation of Human Population Thinking Like a Historian: Rural Industry: Progress or Exploitation? Viewpoints: Opposing Views on Guilds and Economic Regulation Evaluating Visual Evidence: New Ideas about Race and Identity Individuals in Society: Rebecca Protten   Chapter 18: Life in the Era of Expansion 1650–1800 How did marriage and family life change in the eighteenth century? Late Marriage and Nuclear Families Work Away from Home Contraception and Community Controls New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy Sex on the Margins of Society What was life like for children and how did attitudes toward childhood evolve? Child Care and Nursing Foundlings and Infanticide Attitudes Toward Children The Spread of Elementary Schools How did increasing literacy and new patterns of consumption affect people’s lives? Popular Literature Leisure and Recreation New Foods and Appetites Toward a Consumer Society What role did religion play in eighteenth-century society? Church Hierarchy Protestant Revival Catholic Piety Marginal Beliefs and Practices How did the practice of medicine evolve in the eighteenth century? Faith Healing and General Practice Improvements in Surgery Midwifery The Conquest of Smallpox and the Birth of Vaccination LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: A Day in the Life of Paris Individuals in Society: Rose Bertin "Minister of Fashion" Thinking Like a Historian: A New Subjectivity Evaluating Visual Evidence: Hogarth’s Satirical View of the Church Viewpoints: The Case for and Against Female Midwives \ Chapter 19: Revolutions in Politics 1775–1815 What were the factors behind the revolutions of the late eighteenth century? Social Change Growing Demands for Liberty and Equality The Seven Years’ War Why and how did American colonists forge a new independent nation? The Origins of the Revolution Independence from Britain Framing the Constitution Limitations of Liberty and Equality How did the events of 1789 result in a constitutional monarchy in France? Breakdown of the Old Order The Formation of the National Assembly Popular Uprising and the Rights of Man A Constitutional Monarchy and Its Challenges Why and how did the French Revolution take a radical turn? The International Response The Second Revolution and the New Republic Total War and the Terror The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory How did Napoleon Bonaparte create a French empire and why did it fail? Napoleon’s Rule of France Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe The Grand Empire and Its End How did slave revolt on colonial Saint-Domingue lead to the independent nation of Haiti? Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue The Outbreak of Revolt The War of Haitian Independence LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Abigail Adams "Remember the Ladies" Thinking Like a Historian: The Rights of Which Men? Viewpoints: Contrasting Visions of the Sans-Culottes Evaluating Visual Evidence: Francisco Goya The Third of May 1808 Individuals in Society: Vincent Ogé   Chapter 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry ca. 1780–1850 Why and how did the Industrial Revolution emerge in Britain? Why Britain? Technological Innovations and Early Factories The Steam Engine Breakthrough Steam-Powered Transportation Industry and Population How did countries outside Britain respond to the challenge of industrialization? National and International Variations Industrialization in Continental Europe Agents of Industrialization The Global Picture How did work and daily life evolve during the Industrial Revolution? Work in Early Factories Working Families and Children The New Sexual Division of Labor Living Standards for the Working Class Environmental Impacts of Industrialization What were the social consequences of industrialization? The New Class of Factory Owners Responses to Industrialization The Early British Labor Movement The Impact of Slavery LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Individuals in Society: Samuel Crompton Viewpoints: The Experience of Child Labor Evaluating Visual Evidence: The Dinner Hour Wigan Thinking Like a Historian: Making the Industrialized Worker Evaluating Written Evidence: Advice for Middle-Class Women   Chapter 21: Ideologies and Upheavals 1815–1850 How was peace restored and maintained after the Napoleonic Wars? The European Balance of Power Metternich and Conservatism Repressing the Revolutionary Spirit Limits to Conservative Power and Revolution in South America What new ideologies emerged to challenge conservatism? Liberalism and the Middle Class The Growing Appeal of Nationalism The First Socialists The Birth of Marxist Socialism What were the characteristics of the Romantic movement? The Romantic Worldview Romantic Literature Romanticism in Art and Music How did reforms and revolutions challenge conservatism after 1815? The Greek War of Independence Liberal Reform in Great Britain Ireland and the Great Famine The Revolution of 1830 in France What were the main causes and consequences of the revolutions of 1848? A Democratic Republic in France Revolution and Reaction in the Austrian Empire Prussia the German Confederation and the Frankfurt National Assembly LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: The Karlsbad Decrees: Conservative Reaction in the German Confederation Thinking Like a Historian: The Republican Spirit in 1848 Individuals in Society: Mary Shelley Evaluating Visual Evidence: Honoré Daumier Gargantua 1831 Viewpoints: Picturing Revolutionary Violence in 1848   Chapter 22: Life in the Emerging Urban Society 1840–1914 What were the main changes in urban life in the nineteenth century? Industry and the Growth of Cities The Advent of the Public Health Movement The Bacterial Revolution Improvements in Urban Planning Public Transportation How did class and gender reinforce social difference in the nineteenth century? The Distribution of Income The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes The People and Occupations of the Working Classes Prostitution The Leisure Pursuits of the Working Classes Faith and Religion How did urbanization affect family life and gender roles? Lifestyles of the Middle Classes Middle-Class Marriage and Courtship Rituals Middle- and Working-Class Sexuality Separate Spheres and the Importance of Homemaking Child Rearing What were the most important changes in science and culture? The Triumph of Science in Industry Darwin and Natural Selection The Modern University and the Social Sciences Realism in Art and Literature LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: First Impressions of the World’s Biggest City Evaluating Visual Evidence: Apartment Living in Paris Individuals in Society: Franziska Tiburtius Thinking Like a Historian: The Promise of Electricity Viewpoints: Émile Zola and Naturalism/Realism in Western Literature   Chapter 23: The Age of Nationalism 1850–1914 What were the main features of the authoritarian nation-state built by Napoleon III? France’s Second Republic Napoleon III’s Second Empire How were strong nation-states forged in Italy Germany and the United States? The Unification of Italy The Austro-Prussian War Taming the German Parliament The Franco-Prussian War and German Unification How did Russian and Ottoman leaders modernize their states and societies? The "Great Reforms" in Russia The Russian Revolution of 1905 Reform and Readjustment in the Ottoman Empire How did the relationship between government and the governed change after 1871? The Responsive National State The German Empire Republican France and the Third French Republic Great Britain and Ireland The Austro-Hungarian Empire What were the costs and benefits of nationalism for ordinary people? Making National Citizens The Feminist Movement Nationalism and Racism Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism How and why did revolutionary Marxism evolve in the late nineteenth century? The Socialist International Labor Unions and the Evolution of Working-Class Radicalism Marxist Revisionism LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Visual Evidence: The Proclamation of the German Empire January 1871 Evaluating Written Evidence: Eyewitness Account of Bloody Sunday Thinking Like a Historian: How to Build a Nation Individuals in Society: Theodor Herzl Viewpoints: Marxist Revisionism   Chapter 24: The West and the World 1815–1914 What were the global consequences of European industrialization? The Rise of Global Inequality The World Market Western Pressures on China Japan and the United States Western Intervention in Egypt How was massive migration an integral part of Western expansion? The Pressure of Population European Emigration The Immigrant Experience in the United States Asian Emigration How did the New Imperialism change Western colonialism? The European Presence in Africa Before 1880 The Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa The British in Africa After 1885 Imperialism in Asia Causes of the New Imperialism A "Civilizing Mission" Gender and Empire European Critics of Imperialism How did non-Westerners respond to Western expansion? Impacts and Patterns of Response The British Empire in India Reforming Japan Toward Revolution in China LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Nativism in the United States Evaluating Visual Evidence: European Imperialism at Its Worst Individuals in Society: Cecil Rhodes Viewpoints: White Man’s Burden or Capitalist Exploitation? Thinking Like a Historian: Women and Empire   Chapter 25: War and Revolution 1914–1919 What caused the outbreak of the First World War? Growing International Conflict The Mood of 1914 The July Crisis and the Outbreak of War How did the First World War differ from previous wars? Stalemate and Slaughter on the Western Front The Widening War In what ways did the war transform life on the home front? Mobilizing for Total War The Social Impact of Total War Growing Political Tensions Why did world war lead to a successful Communist revolution in Russia? The Fall of Imperial Russia The Provisional Government Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution Trotsky and the Seizure of Power Dictatorship and Civil War What were the benefits and costs of the postwar peace settlement? The End of the War Revolution in Austria-Hungary and Germany The Treaty of Versailles The Peace Settlement in the Middle East The Human Costs of the War LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Poetry in the Trenches Evaluating Visual Evidence: Wartime Propaganda Posters Individuals in Society: Vera Brittain Thinking Like a Historian: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire and the Mandate System Evaluating Written Evidence: Peace Land and Bread for the Russian People   Chapter 26: Opportunity and Crisis in the Age of Modernity 1880–1940 How did intellectual developments reflect the ambiguities of modernity? Modern Philosophy The Revival of Christianity The New Physics Freudian Psychology How did modernism revolutionize Western culture? Architecture and Design New Artistic Movements Twentieth-Century Literature Modern Music How did consumer society change everyday life? Modern Mass Culture The Appeal of Cinema The Arrival of Radio What obstacles to lasting peace did European leaders face? Germany and the Western Powers Hope in Foreign Affairs Hope in Democratic Government What were the causes and consequences of the Great Depression? The Economic Crisis Mass Unemployment The New Deal in the United States The Scandinavian Response to the Depression Recovery and Reform in Britain and France LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Friedrich Nietzsche Pronounces the Death of God Individuals in Society: Sigmund Freud Evaluating Visual Evidence: Georg Grosz Eclipse of the Sun 1926 Viewpoints: The Modern Girl: Image or Reality? Thinking Like a Historian: The Radio Age   Chapter 27: Dictatorships and the Second World War 1919–1945 What were the most important characteristics of Communist and Fascist ideologies? Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships Communism and Fascism The Spanish Civil War How did Stalinism transform state and society in the Soviet Union? From Lenin to Stalin Stalin and the Nationalities Question The Five-Year Plans Life and Culture in Soviet Society The Great Purges and the Great Terror of 1937-38 What kind of government did Mussolini establish in Italy? The Seizure of Power The Fascist Regime in Action What policies did Nazi Germany pursue and why did they appeal to ordinary Germans? The Roots of National Socialism Hitler’s Road to Power State and Society in Nazi Germany Popular Support for National Socialism Aggression and Appeasement What explains the success and then defeat of Germany and Japan during World War II? German Victories in Europe Europe Under Nazi Occupation The Holocaust Japanese Empire and the War in the Pacific The Grand Alliance and the "Hinge of Fate" Allied Victory LOOKING BACK LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Famine and Recovery on a Soviet Collective Farm in the Ukraine Thinking Like a Historian: Normalizing Eugenics and "Racial Hygiene" in Nazi Germany Evaluating Visual Evidence: Nazi Propaganda and Consumer Goods: The "People’s Car" Viewpoints: Oratory and Ideology in World War II Individuals in Society: Primo Levi   Chapter 28: Cold War Conflict and Consensus 1945–1965 Why was World War II followed so quickly by the Cold War? The Legacies of the Second World War The Peace Settlement and Cold War Origins West Versus East Big Science in the Nuclear Age What were the sources of postwar recovery and stability in western Europe? The Search for Political and Social Consensus Toward European Unity The Consumer Revolution What was the pattern of postwar development in the Soviet bloc? Postwar Life in the East Bloc Reform and De-Stalinization Foreign Policy and Domestic Rebellion The Limits of Reform How did decolonization proceed in the Cold War era? Decolonization and the Global Cold War The Struggle for Power in Asia Independence and Conflict in the Middle East Decolonization in Africa What were the key changes in social relations in postwar Europe? Changing Class Structures Patterns of Postwar Migration New Roles for Women Youth Culture and the Generation Gap LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Viewpoints: Cold War Propaganda Evaluating Visual Evidence: "Building the Republic": Socialist Realism in Postwar East Berlin Evaluating Written Evidence: De-Stalinization and Khrushchev’s "Secret Speech" Thinking Like a Historian: Violence and the Algerian War Individuals in Society: Armando Rodrigues   Chapter 29: Challenging the Postwar Order 1960–1991 Why did the postwar consensus of the 1950s break down? Cold War Tensions Thaw The Affluent Society The Counterculture Movement The United States and Vietnam Student Revolts and 1968 The 1960s in the East Bloc What were the consequences of economic stagnation in the 1970s? Economic Crisis and Hardship The New Conservatism Challenges and Victories for Women The Rise of the Environmental Movement Separatism and Right-Wing Extremism What led to the decline of "developed socialism" in the East Bloc? State and Society in the East Bloc Dissent in Czechoslovakia and Poland From Détente Back to Cold War Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet Union What were the causes and consequences of the 1989 revolutions in the East Bloc? The Collapse of Communism in the East Bloc German Unification and the End of the Cold War The Disintegration of the Soviet Union LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Evaluating Written Evidence: Human Rights Under the Helsinki Accords Evaluating Visual Evidence: The Supermarket Revolution Individuals in Society: Margaret Thatcher Thinking Like a Historian: The New Environmentalism Viewpoints: "Mr. Gorbachev Tear Down This Wall"   Chapter 30: Life in an Age of Globalization 1990 to the Present How did life change in Russia and the former East Bloc countries after 1989? Economic Shock Therapy in Russia Russian Revival Under Vladimir Putin Political Instability and Russian Intervention in the Former Soviet Republics Economic and Political Transformations in the Former East Bloc Civil War in Yugoslavia How did globalization affect European life and society? The Global Economy The New European Union Supranational Organizations Life in the Age of Social Media The Costs and Consequences of Globalization How is growing ethnic diversity changing contemporary Europe? The Prospect of Population Decline Changing Immigration Flows Toward a Multicultural Continent Europe and Its Muslim Population What challenges will Europeans face in the coming decades? Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations Turmoil in the Muslim World The Global Recession and the Viability of the European Union The New Populism The COVID-19 Pandemic Dependence on Fossil Fuels Climate Change and Environmental Degradation Promoting Human Rights LOOKING BACK / LOOKING AHEAD REVIEW & EXPLORE Individuals in Society: Alexei Navalny Viewpoints: Debating the Impact of Social Media and the Internet Evaluating Written Evidence: The Thessaloniki Programme Evaluating Visual Evidence: "John Bull" Supports Brexit Thinking Like a Historian: The Conservative Reaction to Immigration and Islamist Terrorism