NUR 2063, NUR2063, Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 Review Sheet
Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #2 Review Sheet
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41
1. Review common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders as a
whole
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, and constipation.
2. What is gastritis? What are causes?
Inflammation of the stomach lining
Causes: Precipitated by ingestion of irritating substances
Example: alcohol and aspirin, NSAIDs, viral, bacteria, autoimmune
3. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications
of GERD if left untreated?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease- Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through lower
esophageal sphincter (LES)
Inflammation caused by reflux of highly acidic material (esophagitis)
Causes
Any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or increases abdominal pressure, fatty
foods, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, cigarette smoking, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex:
hiatal hernia)
Complications: Barrett esophagus- Structural changes in tissue of esophagus over time (columnar tissue
replaced normal squamos epithelial) can increase risk for esophageal cancer
Progression can lead to ulceration, fibrotic scarring
Esophageal strictures
Pulmonary symptoms - cough, asthma, and laryngitis - from reflux in breathing passages
4. Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. What is the role of H.
pylori in this condition?
Caused by NSAIDs, stress (glucocorticoids), smoking, genetics
No relation b/w diet and PUD
H. pylori plays a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation